Chapter 1

cWofo 1

kl/ro(Introduction)

1=1= cWoogsf] k[i&eúld(Back ground of study)

g]kfn Ps axÚhflto, axÚeflifs / axÚ;;f+:s[lts b]z ePsf] sf/)f ljljw hflt,hghflt / ljljw lsl;dsf] snf, ;+:s[lt, l/ltl/jfh, /xg;xg, e]ifeÚiff, njfO{vjfO{, rfnrng k/Dk/f /lx cfPsf] %. of] b]z lalaw hfltx?sf] ;femf kmúnaf/L klg xf]. g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg 2046 n] klg g]kfnnfO Ps axÚhflto / axÚeflifs b]zsf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] %. of] b]zdf ljljw hfltx?sf] ;femf kmúnaf/L ePklg cg]stfdf P]stf, xÚgÚ o;sf] dxTjkú)f{ laz]iftf %. g]kfnsf] x/]s If]q jf :yfgdf ljleGg hft hfltsf dflg;x? j;f]jf; u/]sf] kfO{G%. g]kfn P]ltxfl;s / k|fuP]ltxfl;s vf]h cgÚ;Gwfg sf nflu ;dfhzf:qL / dfgjzf:qLx?sf] af}l$stfsf] vflgsf] ?kdf kl/lrt %.

g]kfndf laljw pkgfdx?n] lrlgg] ;dflhs sn°ss} ?kdf h/f] uf*]/ a;]sf] hflto e]befa %Újf%Út ;d:of h:tf sÚ/fn] ubf{ cfd g]kflnx? ;dfg ?kdf afRg ;ls/x]sf %}gg\. g]kfnL ;dfhdf j)f{>d cj:yf cgÚ;f/ hflto laefhgn] s]lx hft hflt jf hghfltx?nfO{ blnt, c%Út cyjf kfgL rNg], grNg] hft eg]/ lrlgg] hfltsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] %.

lj=;=2046 ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kl% g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+lawfg 2046 hfl/ eP nut} k|hfltGqs ;+lawfgn] ;fj{hlgs :yfndf %Újf%útsf] Jojxf/nfO{ b)*lgo xÚg]% eGg] sÚ/fnfO{ dfGotf lbof], t/ o:tf] sfgÚg@f/f b)* lbO{[g]:k:^ xÚbfxÚb} klg g]kfndf lzIffsf] cefjn] sÚg}klg ;fsflhs e]befa tyf %Újf%Út sfod} /x]sf] kO{G%.

blnt ;dúbfo clxn] klg ;fdflhs ?kaf^ ckx]lnt, cfly{s ?kdf lakGg, /fhg}lts ?kaf^ lk%l*Psf. wfld{s / z}lIfs ?kaf^ al¾rt ePsf %g\. o; lsl;dsf] sÚk|yfsf] Goúg ;dfwfg kfOG%. hlt klg blnt hg;+Vof /x]sf] &~fpdf lzIffsf] cefjn] b]zsf] slxn] klg lasf; ultdf cufl* ab\g ;lsb}g.olx ckx]lnt hfltx?sf] pTyfg tyf ;dfg ;fdflhs dfGotf / Jojxf/nfO{ :yflkt u/fpg 2058 kmfuÚg 4 >L kbdl;+x ljZjsdf{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul&t blnt cfof]usf] sfo{s|d ;kmn kf/]sf] lyof].

g]kfndf k|hftflGqs ;~u ;~u} hgtfsf] &Únf] ;+wif{ cyjf /fhg}lts l:ylt ;~u} /fhtGqsf] cGto u/] kZrft nf]stGqsf] pbo eof]. lj=;+= 2063 nf]stgqsf] pbo kZrft blnt hfltosf] ;fdflhs cj:yf cufl* ab]sf] %. o;}n] o; hflto ;d:ofnfO{ lgdún ug{ cem} klg vf;ul/ cfly{s kl/jTox?n] pgLx?sf] hLjgdf kl//x]sf] cj:yfx?sf] kmÚ^Úé uf=la=;= j*f g+=9 sf ;fls{hfltsf] cfly{s hLjgfj:yfsf] Ps ;dfhzf:qLo cWoog tyf cgÚ;Gwfg ul/Psf] %.

1=1=1 blnt hfltsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i&eúld((Historical Background of Dalit)

dffgj ljsf;sf] s|ddf bf; oúusf] ;Ú?jft ;fy;fy} cfFgf] :jfy{ % kÚ/f ug{ / cfkmúnfO{ zlSt ;DkGg Joltsf] ?kdf lrgfpg dfG%]n] u/]sf] dfG%] dflyg} zf]if)f / e]befjsf] ljsf; xÚb} uof]. vf; u/]/ O{=k= 3000 lt/ cfox? O/fgjf^ ef/t aif{df k|j]z u/]kl% pgLx?n] >dsf] cfwf/df j)f{Joj:yfsf] ljsf; ug{ yfn] / ;dfhnfO{ a|fd)f, If]qL, jZo / zÚb| eg]/ lrGg yfn]. cfFgf] of]Uotf / uÚ)f cyjf Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ePsf] hflto laljw x/fpb} la:tf/} hGd / j+;sf] cfwf/df hftkft rNg] l:ylt l;h{gf eof]. ;DkGg ju{sf dflg;x?n] cfFgf] ;DaGw a(fpg cfo{x?n] plgx?nfO{ st} If]lqo / st} j}Zo h:tf j)f{sf] :yfg lbg yfn]. o;/L chklg hflto %Újf%ÚtnfO{ wd{;+u hf]*]/ x]g]{ ul/G%.

hfltsf] pTklt slxn] / s;/L ePsf] xf]<

hflt`hflt lar laefhg slxn] b]lv ePsf] xf]< style=""> ;dfwfg ug{t ;j} dfglao wf/)ffdf kl/jt{g xÚg clt cfjZostf kb{%.

lj=;= 2007 ;fndf /f)ff zf;gsf] cGt ePkl% kúj{ /fhf lqeújg @f/f wf]if)ffdf ePsf] cGt/Ld ;fzg lawfg 2007 hf/L eof]. lawfgsf] wf/f 13 df sfgúgsf] cuf*L ;dfgtf,wf/f 14 df wd{/ hfltsf] cfwf/df e]befa gul/g] / wf/f 16df dfúneút df}lns clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If)f ul/Psf] lyof]. o;} u/L 2015 ;fndf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg nfuú ul/of] h;sf] wf/f 4 df ;dfgtfsf] xs cgÚ;f/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgoúSt, s;}nfO{ klg hflto e]befj gul/g] h:tf sÚ/fx?sf] k|TofeÚlt ul/of]. lj=;=2006 ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb| @f/f k¾oftL Joa:yf nfuÚ ePkl% lj=;= 2019 df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg h/L eof]. pQm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 10 df ;dfgtfsf] xs cGt/ut wd{, j)f{, hfltsf] cfwf/df s;}nfO{ cuf*L a(fO{of].

lj=;= 2063 j};fv 11 ut]sf] nf]stGqsf] pbo ;+u;+u} blnt hftx?sf] klg pTyfg ePsf] dflgG%. nfstGq clwsf] ;fdflhs %Újf%ÚtnfO{ lgdún kfg{ dflg;nfO{ w]/} ;+wif{ ug]Ú{kg]{ cj:yf lyof]. t/ clxn] cfP/ %Újf%Útsf] e]befj u¥of] eg] b)* cyjf hl/jfgf ;d]t lgwf{/)f u/]sf] kfO{G%. o;}n] ;dosf] ult ;+u} e]befjsf] efjgf klg la:tf/} lgdún xÚg yfn]sf] %. clxn] w]/} dflg;? cGt/hflto lajfxsf] k|rf/ ePsf] kfO{G%.

1=1=2= g]kfnL ;dfh / blnthflt aÚl$ afxfbÚ/L(Nepali society and Dalit cast)

g]kfln Ps axÚnafb ;dfhsf] k|ltlglwTj ePdf] /fi^« ePsf] sf/)f oxf~sf] sf/)f oxf~sf] axÚhflto / axÚeflifs hg hfltx?sf] ;femf kmúnaf/L dfGg ;lsG%. o;} sf/)f oxf~sf] ;Dkú)f{ hfthflt x?sf] ;dfgÚkflts lasf;sf] cfjZostf xÚG%. g]kfndf hfltk|yfsf] Oltxf; b]lvg} rngdf cfPsf] kfOG%. cfFgf] hftsf] k]zf gug]{nfO{ b)* ;hfo lbg] Joa:yf ;d]t lyof] t/ la:tf/} dÚnÚsL P]g kl/jt{g xÚb} s]lx hflto lje]bdf gof~ cjwf/)ff ;d]t lasf; eof].

ha k[YjLgf/fo)f zfxn] laleGg ;`;fgf ^Ús|fdf laeflht /fHox?nfO{ cfFgf] aÚl$, afxfbÚ/L, laj]sL / bÚ/b;L{ lgltsf] sf/)faf^ laho xfl;n u/]/ l;éuf] g]kfnsf] lgdf{)f ul/;s] kl% g]kfnnfO{ rf/hft, %lTt; j)f{sf] kmúnaf/L xf] eg]/ wf]if)ff u/]sf lyP. o;af^ klg :k:^ xÚG%ls g]kfndf hflt hflt larsf] e]befa jt{dfgsf dfq geP/ w]/} aif{b]lv lawdfg xÚb} ;+rfng e}/x]sf] b]lvG%. g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?k x]g]{ xf] eg] laleGg &fp~x?df ;fdflhs ;f]if)f, Toxfsf] l/lt/Ljfh / hflt hflt aLrsf] e]befjnfO{ lgdún{ kfg{ hlt dÚnÚls P]g cfPklg kl/jt{g xÚg eg] w]/} ;do nfU%. hlt klg dÚnúsL P]gn] dflg; dflg; aLrsf] e]befjnfO{ ;fdflhs ck/fw elgg] wf]if)ff klg Jojxf/df nfuú xÚg eg] ;s]sf] %}g.

o; hfltsf] dÚVo wd{ lxGbÚg} dflgG%. Tfufwf/Lx?n] jf ;dfhsf cGo lxGbÚ wdf{jlnx?n] o; hfltnfO{ Pp^} wdf{nDjLsf] ?kdf geO{ a]Un} tl/sfn] cyf{t x]nfsf] efjn] Jojxf/ u/]sf] b]lvG%. cfkmú eGbf &únf hfltn] blnt hfltnfO{ cfkúmn] k|of]u u/]sf] ;fa{hlgs sÚjf / O{gf/jf^ kfgL ;d]t n}hfg jl¾rt u/]sf] kfO{G%. dtjfln hfltsf lrof k;ndf ;fsL{ hfltsf ;b:ox?n] cfkmún] vfP/ lunf; cfkm} kvfNgÚ kb{%. ;f] lunf; pRrhfltn] rf]VofP/ dfq k|of]udf Nofp%g\. o;hfltnfO{ lxGbÚwd{ u|Gy / kÚ/f)f, efujt klg k(\g] cgÚdlt ;d]t %}g. laleGg &únf d& dlGb/ x? leq k:g / lxGbÚwd{ cgÚ;f/ b]jtfsf] kÚhf cr{gf ug{ af^ ;d]t al¾rt u/]sf] %. t/ plgx?sf] gfddf cGo pRr hftn]g} kÚhf ul/lbg] kl/kf^L %. ;fsL{ hfltsf] ;+:s[lt klg a|fd)f,If]qLx? ;+u k|fo ;dfg ePtf klg vfglkg / Jojxf/ eg] km/sg} b]lvG%. o; hfltsf] dÚVo k];f eg]sf] %fnfsf] sfd ug]{ xf] t/ xfn cfP/ of] k];fnfO{ %f*\b} cfPsf] klg b]lvG%. o; hfltsf] cfFgf] :jfldTjdf s[lif of]Uo hldg Psbd} sd ePsf] xÚgfn] hldg af^ ePsf] pTkfbgn] aif{ e/L vfg kÚUb}g. o; hfltx? cToflws ul/a plgx?sf] #/x? agfj^ Psbd} gfhÚs cj:yfdf b]lvG%. o;/L ;du| ?kdfx]g]{ xf] eg] o; ;fsL{ hfltsf] cfly{s kIf cGo hfltx?sf] tÚngfdf lgs} k%f*L k/]sf] b]lvG%.

;fsL{ hfltsf] cfFg} %Ú^\} efiff %}g / lolgx? klg ;dfhsf] pRr hflt sxlnPsf afDx)f, If]qLx?n] lxGbÚwd{ nfO{ cgÚ;/)f ub} a:g] ePtf klg ;fls{ hfltnfO{ c%Út, blnt / pTlkl*t hfltsf] ?kdf ;dfhdf Jojxf/ ul/G%. cfly{s kIf, ;fdflhs kIf / /fhg}lts kIfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] o; hflt w]/} k%fl* k/]sf] tYo clxn] ;Dd kÚi^L ePsf] b]lvG%. o;df la:tf/} ;Úwf/ xÚg lzIff sf] g} dxTjkú)f{ b]g xÚG%.

1=2= ;d:ofsf] syg(Statement of problem)

g]kfndf ;fsL{ hft klg cflbafl; hflt dWo] Psdf ulgG%. dÚVotof kxf*L If]qdf a;f]af; ub]}{ cfPsf ;fsL{ hflt xfn lxdfn, kxf* / t/fO{ If]qsf k|fo ;a} lhNnfx?df %l/P/ a;f]af; u/]sf] b]lvP tf klg hfltsf] af/]df :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;dfhzf:qL, dfgjzf:qL tyf la$fgx?n] sd dfqfdf cWog cgú;Gwfg u/]sf] xÚgfn] slxn] b]lv o; hflt g]kfndf lelqPsf] xÚg eGg] :k:^ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf %}g. o;hfltsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf] cWog u/]sf] ePtf klg ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kl/Jox?sf] cGt/;DaGw / To;n] plx?sf] lhjg Joa:yfdf kg]{ k|efasf] cWog cgÚ;Gwfg ePsf] kO{b}g.

kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=;= df /x]sf ;fsL{x?df hflto lae]b tyf %Újf%Út k|yfn] pgLx?sf] lhjgsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ xÚb} ulx/x]sf] df cfly{s pTyfgsf] nflu cfjZos :k:^ lglt tyf of]hgfx?sf] cefjn] plgx?sf] jt{dfg cj:yf ;do / ljsf;s|d cgÚ;f/ emg eGbf emg hl^n xÚb} uPsf] kfO{G%. o;} sÚ/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;dfhzf:qLo bÚi^Lsf])fn] plgx?sf] cfly{s lhjgcj:yfsf] af/]df cWoogdf dÚnt lgDg ;d:ofx? Plsg ePsf %g\.

v hflto lae]b / %Újf%Út k/Dk/fut dfGotfn] s] ;fls{ hfltsf] cfly{s pTyfg xÚg ;S%<

v sf&df)*f} lhNnfsf] kmÚ^Úé uflj;sf j*f g+= 9 df a:g] ;fls{x?sf] hLjgdf k/Dk/fut k]zf / Goúg ?kdf /x]sf] eúldn] plx?sf] cfly{s l:yltdf kl/jt{g ePsf %g\.

v hflto e]befjsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ;Snf<

1=3= cWoogsf pb]Zox((Objective of study)

o; cWooggsf] dÚVo pb]Zo kmÚ^Úé ;fsL{{x?sf] cfly{s hLjg cj:yfsf] cWoog ugÚ{ xf]. o; cWogsf] lgDg pb]Zox? %g\.

v ;fls{ hfltx?sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s l:yltsf] cWoog ug]{.

v pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut k];f / Goúg cfon] cfly{s lhjgdf k/]sf] k|efjn] cWoog ug]{.

v plgx?sf] k];fdf ePsf] kl/jt{ / Jojxf/df kl/jt{ ePsf] % jf %}g eGg].

v ;fls{ hfltx? k%fl* kg{Úsf] dÚneút sf/)fx?sf] af/]df JofVof ugÚ{.

1=4= cWoog dxTj(Importance of the study)

g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] k|dÚv laz]iftf eGgÚg} hflto laljwtf xf]. g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ laljw hfltox? dWo] czÚ@ hfltdf kg]{ c%Út hfltx? h:t}` bdfO{, ;fsL{, sfdL cflb Jofks ul/la / clzIffn] ubf{ pgLx?sf] lhjg s&f]/ bÚMvbfo %. lhjg latfpgg} sl&g ePsf / plTkl*t cj:yfdf afr]sf hfltx?sf] pTyfgsf] nflu ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;w+ ;+yfaf^ plrt sbd p&fpg cltg} cfjZostf ePsf] kfO{G%. To; sf/)f ;fsL{ hfltsf af/]df cWoog cgÚ;Gwfg xÚgÚ oLlgx?sf] cfly{s kIfdf hfgsf/L kpg / hfgsf/L lbnfpg jt{dfg ;dosf] efu aGg kÚu]sf] %.

o; cWoogsf] dfWod af^ kmÚ^Úé uf~p lasf; ;ldlt cGt/ut a;f]af; ug]{ ;DkÚ)f{ ;fls{x?sf] cfly{s ca:yfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg ;xof]u kÚ¥ofpgsf] ;fy} o;hfltsf] af/]df eljZo cWoog ug{ rfxfg] :jb]zL tyf lab]zL la@fgx?nfO{ cgÚ;Gwfg stf{x?nfO{ ;dfhzf:q tyf dfgjzf:qsf] ;f]wsfo{ ug]{ %fq jf %fqfnfO u}/;/sf/L ;+w`;+yfx?nfO{ ;xof]u k¥ofpgÚ xf].

of] cWoogsf] k|dÚv cf}lrTj eg]sf] g]kfnsf Ps dxTjkÚ)f{ hg`hflto dúbfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ cGo ljlaw sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf phfu/ ug{Ú ;d]t xf].

1=5= cWoogsf] ;+u&g(Organization of study)

o; zf]wkqdf hDdf ;ft cWofo %g\.

o; cWogdf cWoogsf] kl/ro cyjf ;d:ofsf] syg tyf cWoogsf] pb]Zox?nfO{ k|yd cWoogdf ;dfla:^ ul/Psf] %. bf];|f] cWofodf :jb]zL tyf lab]zL dfgjzf:qL, ;dfhzfqL tyf cGo lj@fg ju{x?n] kúj{`k|sflzt u/]sf ;fsL{ hft;~u ;DalGwt kÚ:ts, kqklqsf, n]vx?sf] ;ldIff ;Gbe{ u|Gysf] ;dLIffsf] ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] %. t|];f|] cWoog k|s[ltsf] If]qsf] kl/ro u/fO{Psf] %.;fsL{ hfltsf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ emNsfpg] tYof°x?sf] laZn]if)f tyf k|:tÚlts/)f kf~rf} / %}&} cWofodf s|dz\ ug{Úsf] ;fy}} cWofodf cWoogsf] ;f/f+z, lgisz{ / ;Úemfax?nfO{ ;dfa]z ul/Psf] ;Gbe{ ;fdflu|x?sf] ;úlr, zf]wgsfo{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf k|ZgfjnL pNn]v ulPsf] %.