Chapter 2

cWofo `2

;Gb{eu|Gysf] ;dLIff(Liturature Review)

;}bflGts cjwf/)ff

;fsL{ hfltnfO{ g]kfndf blnt / pTlkl*t eg]/ lrlgG%. o; hfltsf] ;du|tfnfO{ af]s]/ k|sflzt ePsf k|ofKt kÚ:tsx? kfpg ;lsb}g / kfO{Psf kÚ:tsx?n] t o; hftnfO{ cfox?sf] ?kdf dfg]/ s]lx x/kmx? dfq o;hftsf] af/]df o:t}u/L csf]{ zAbdf eGgÚkbf{ o; hft ;DalGw n]vx? jf zf]wkÚ% klg pknAw %}gg\. o; cWoogsf nflucfkmú ;fls{ hftsf] jf/]df kúj{ k|sflzt ePsf] laljw kÚ:ts kq klqsf zf]wkq cflbsf] cWoog\ / laZn]z)f u/L k|:tÚt u/]sf] %.

g]kfndf hflto %Újf%Út eGg] kÚ:tsdf hflto %Újf%Úts] xf] o;sf] zÚ?jft slxn]b]lv eof],g]kfndf of] s:tf] ?kdf /lxcfPsf] %. o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu wfld{s, ;flTxs, ;/sf/L, /fhlglts tyf :od\ hfltaf^ ePsf k|of;x?sf] af/]df s]lx JofVofTds ?kdf n]lvPsf] % t/ plgx?sf] cfly{s l:yltsf] laifodf s]lx pNn]v %}g. t;y{ of] cWoogsf] cfjZostf ePsf] xf]. cgf}krfl/s If]q;]jf s]Gb| k|yd ;+s/)f h]& -2053_

Hofer(1983), states that the untouchable (and low cast in general) are leavely, under refresented at the national level.

g]kfnsf] kfxf*L efudf /x]sf cfo{x?sf] kj{lto ;+lawfgsf] ljifodf cWoog ubf{ afxÚg, &sÚ/L, vf; / s]lx Joa;flos hflt eg]/sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{df /x]sf] %Újf%Útsf] laifo ulx/f] cWoog eP klg pgLx?sf] cfly{s l:yltsf] ulx/f] cWoog ePsf] kfO{b}g. s]jn uf~psf eGbf zx/sf hfltx?df %Újf%Útsf] k|efj sd /x]sf] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G%. -efo{ 1942,387`96_.

;fsL{ hflt g]kfnsf] cflbaf;L hflt ePtfklg slxn] b]lv lolgx? g]kfndf a;f]j; ug{ nfu]sf %g\ To; af/]df Plsg eGg g;s]sfn] klg b]zsf dÚVotof kxf*L efudf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf %g\ / lolgx? tfufwf/L hfltsf] cfk;df a;f]afz ub{%g\.-lj:^,1964_

sÚg}klg b]zdf ePsf c%Út hfltx?sf] ;+Vofn] b]zsf] sÚn hg;+Vofsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}g lsg eg] c%Út hfltx?sf] hg;+Vof /fi^«sf] hg;+Vofsf] tÚngfdf Psbd} Goúg xÚG%.-hofer,1979).

;fsL{ hfltn] ;/sf/L sfd u/]tf klg plgx?nfO{ km/s kl/>lds lbO{G% / lolgx?sf] cfly{s cj:yf klg sdhf]/ xÚg] xÚgfn] ubf{ ;fsL{ cGo hfltx?df cfly{s ?kn] cf>Lt xÚG%g.(Gaige 1975).

;fsL{ hflt klg lxGbÚ wdf{jnL ePtf klg ;dfhsf cGo gful/s x?n] ;fsL{ klg lxGbÚ wdf{jnL xÚg eg]/ ;f]Rb}gg\ / Joaxf/ klg ub}{gg\. lsgeg] lolgx?n] ;dfhdf tNnf] :t/sf] Jojxf/ ub{%g / d/]sf] ufO{, e};L vfg] ub{%g\.(Caplan 1970)

g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{ ;Dkú)f{ dflg;x?nfO{ lxGbÚ j)f{>d Joa:yf cgÚ;f/ 4 hft 36 j)f{df laefhg ul/Psf]df kl% 1910 ;fndf /fhf ;Ú/]Gb| jL/ las|d zfxn] tfufwf/L, dtfjnL kfgL grNg] %f]O{ l%tf] xfNg gkg]{ / kfgL grNg] %f]O{l%tf] xfNg gkg]{ u/L 4 efudf laefhg u/].-zdf{ 043_

g]kfnsf] ;+lawfg / pTkLl*t hfltsf] clwssf/ laifosf] Pslbg] sfo{zfnf uf]i&Lsf] l/kf]^{df j)f{Joj:yf / %Újf%Útsf] pTklQm, g]kfndf o;sf] k|efj / s]lx ;Ú´fj ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] %g\. o;df blntx?sf] cj:yfdf ;Úwf/ Nofpg tyf ;Ddflgt :yfg lbnfpg k|ofKt sfgÚgsf] cefj, /fhlglts kf^L{x?sf] b[(tfsf] sld h:tf laifodf pNn]v ul/Psf] %. o:tf lsl;dsf lgGblgo ;fdflhs Jjxf/sf] pGdÚngsf] nflu ul/gÚ kg]{ k|oTgk|lt ;fdflhs Joaxf/sf] pGdÚngsf] nflu ul/gÚkg]{ k|oTgk|lt ;fdflhs ;+w ;+:yfsf] sfo{ pbfl;gtfnfO{ klg k|;élt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] %. o; kÚ:tsdf laz]iful/ pTkLl*t hfltx?sf] ;fdflhs ;f:s[lts / cfly{s ;d:of / oL ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cfj:os ;Ú´fjsf] / hflto lje]bsf nflu /fli^«o tyf cGt/fli^«o sfgÚgL k|lta$tfsf] laifodf k|sfz kfl/Psf] %. cGt//fli^«o PSojWwtf ;dúx g]kfn / g]kfn plTkl*t blnt hflto dÚlSt ;dfh 23 sflt{s, 2053.

blnt ;dÚbfosf ;d:of, o; cWoogdf blnt ;dÚbfosf] ;fdflhs cfly{s /fhg}lts l:ylt / cf/If)fsf] ;jfn, blnt ;dÚbfosf] z}lIfs tyf ;fdflhs l:yltsf hfltx?sf] ;+Vof / cfly{s ;fdflhs l:yltsf laifodf s|dz >L kbdnfn ljZjsdf{, >L hLaGb« b]j lu/L / *f= lzj zdf{sf] sfo{ kqn] hlnt hflto ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu ePsf k|oTg / pknAwLx?df k|sfz kfl/Psf] %. cGt/fli^«o PSoa$tf ;dúx -luG;f]_ g]kfn 19 kf}; , 2054.

;fsL{ hftsf] ;fdflhs l:yltsf] ;Gbe{df pNn]v u/]sf %g\ ls o; hftsf] ;fdflhs x}l;ot klg lgs} tNnf] :yfgsf] % h;n] ubf{ cGo tfwfwf/L / dtjfnL hfltx?n] o; hftnfO{ tNnf] :t/sf] Jojxf/ ub{%g\. ( macdonald, 1987)

g]kfndf blnt hfltx? klg ;dfhdf dflyNnf] hft$f/f cfkmÚx? x]lkPsf] / zf]lift ePsf] dxzÚ; ePtf klg dflyNnf] hfltsf] lolgx?n] l;wf la/f]w ug{ ;ls/x]sf %}gg\. Eff/tsf c%Út hfltx?n] h:tf] g]kfndf a:g] hfltx?sf] la/f]wdf l;wf gpqLsg} cfFgf] hflto lxt sNof)f ug{ ;dfhdf cfFgf] hfltx?nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ lbg, ;dfg lsl;dsf] kl/ifbsf] :yfkgf u/]sf %g\. o; kl/ifbsf laz]iftf lgDg ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] %. klxn] blnt hftx?sf lardf klg prlgrtfsf] e]befasf k|Zg %. hxf~ ;dfgtf rflxPsf] % csf]{ ;dfhsf &Únf hflt elgPsf ;~u ;sfgtf af^ :jtGqtfsf] nflu ;+wif{ sf] k|Zg %. csf]{ zAbdf eGbf blnt hfltx?sf] ;o} aif{ b]lv lylrPsf] blnt dgf]efj nfO{ tf]*\g Pp^f ;d:of % eg] blnt dgf]efjaf^ kmfO{bf p&fP/ hu a;fn]sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]*\gÚ csf]{ ;d:of /x]sf] %. -laZjsdf{ 2030_

o;/L dfly pNn]lvt ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] cWoog af^ klg:k:^ xÚG% ls g]kfnsf c%Út hfltsf dfl;x?n] ;fdflhs cfly{s lk*fx? ef]Ub} cfPsf %g\ / ;dfhdf bf];|f] bhf{ sf gful/s ;/x hLjg latfO{ /x]sf %g\.olx bf];|f] bhf{ sf] ?kdf /x]sf] c%Út hflt ;dfhdf lxgtf afs]/ aflr/x]tf klg lolgx? ;dfhsf] jf /fi^«sf] Pstf / axÚhfltsf] efjgfnfO{ vNaNofpg] lsl;dsf] ls|ofsnfkdf plqPsf] kO{b}g.