Chapter 5

cWofo 5

tYof° laZn]z)f tyf k|:tÚlts/)f(Data presentation and Analysis)

5=1= ;fsL{ hfltsf] ;fdflhs cj:yf

sÚg} klg &f~psf] ;fdflhs cj:yf lgdf{)fdf hg;+Voftds tTjx?sf] lg)f{ofTds eúldsf /xG%.dfgj ;|f]t ;dfhsf] k|dúv lgwf{/s tTj o;sf nflu ;fsL{ hfltsf] ;a} lsl;daf^ ;fdflhs l:yltsf] hfgsf/L kpg clt cfjZostf kb{%. lolgx?sf] ;fdflhs cj:yf eGgÚg} Toxfsf] ;dfhdf ePsf] ;+/rgf g} aÚlemG%. To; hfltsf] cfly{s, z}lIfs, /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] cWoog ug{ g} o;sf] dún pb]Zo xÚg hfG%.

sÚg} klg ;dfhsf] lgdf{)fdf cfjZostf cfwf/eÚt tTj To; ;dfhsf] hg;+Vofdf lge{/ /xG%. To;}n] kmÚ^Úé uf~p ljsf; ;ldltdf 500 blntdf j*f g+=9 dfq 180 ;fsL{x? /x]sf] b]lvG%.o; cWoogsf] nflu gdúgf %g}^ ul/Psf ;fsL{x?sf] hg;+VofnfO{ lgDg cgÚ;f/ tflnsfdf b]vfpg ;lsG%.

Tfflnsf g+= 1

cWoog If]q j*f= g+=9sf ;fsL{x?sf] hg;+Vof

s|=;	gdúgf	hDdf	hDdf
	#/wú/L	hg;+Vof	k|ltzt
9	30	180	100

;|f]t` :ynut ;j]{If)f

dflysf] tflnsf cgÚ;f/ j*f g+=9 sf ;fsL{x?sf] hg;+Vof hDdf 30 #/wÚ/Ldf 180 hgf /x]sf] kfO{G%.

5=1=1 pd]/ut ljj/)fM

pd]/ut ljj/)fM` kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; j*f g+= 9 sf ;fsL{ hfltx?sf] ;DkÚ)f{ #/wÚ/L ;+Vof ;dfj]z ul/Psf] %. To;}n] oL ;DkÚ)f{ #/wÚ/L ;+Vof ;dfj]z ul/Psf] %. To;}n] oL ;DkÚ)f{ 30 #/wÚ/L af^ pQ/bftfx?sf] pd]/ut ljj/)fnfO{ k|:tÚt ul/Psf] %}g. o;df 0 b]lv 16 aif{ ;Ddsf pd]/nfO{ ;dfa]z ul/Psf] %}g. t/ 16 aif{ eGbf dfly ;Ddsfx?nfO{ oxf~ tflnsfdf k|:tÚt ul/Psf] %.

tflnsf g+= 2

pQ/bftfx?sf] pd]/ ;dúx

s|=;+	pd]/	hDdf	k|ltzt
1	16`50	25	83=33
2	51`65	3	10
3	66 eGbf dfly	2	6=66
	hDdf	30	100

;|f]t` :ynut ;j]{If)f

Dfflysf] tflnsf cgÚ;f/ o; uf=lj=; sf] j*f g+= 9 ;fsL{x?sf] 0 b]vL 16 jif{ pd]/ ;dÚxnfO{ ;dfj]; ul/Psf] %}g. o; tflnsf af^ b]vfO{{P cgÚ;f/ 16`50 jif{ pd]/ ;dúxsf hg;+Vof 25 hgf 83=33 k|ltzt 51`65 aif{ pd]/ ;dÚxsf hg;+Vof 3 / 10 k|ltzt / 66 eGbf dfly / 6=66 k|ltzt ePsf] kfO{G%. o; hfltsf hg;+Vof sd pd]/dfg} d[Toú xÚg] ub{%. lsgeg] 66 eGbf dflysf hg;+Vof c?sf] bfhf]df sd ePsf] b]lvG%.

5=1=2= lnéut ljj/)f

lnéut ljj/)fM` kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; j*f g+= 9 df a:g] ;fsL{ hfltx?sf] ;DkÚ)f{ 30 #/wÚ/L sf] cfwf/df pQ/bftfx?sf] n}lés ljj/)f lnO{Psf] %. oxf~ dlxnf / kÚ?if bÚj} a/fa/ ?kdf n}lés ljj/)f lgDg tflnsf k|:tÚt ul/Psf] %.

Tflnsf g+= 3

pQ/bftfx?sf] n}lés ljj/)f

lné	hg;+Vof	k|ltzt
kÚ?if	15	50
dlxnf	15	50
hDdf	30	100

;f|]t` :ynut ;j]{If)f

dflysf] tflnsfaf^ s] yfxf xÚG% eGbf ;+VofTds ?kdf dlxnf / kÚ?if ;dfg ?kdf /x]sf %g\. o~xf 30 hgf pQ/bftfx? dWo] 15 hgf kÚ?if-50%_ / dlxnf 15-50%_ %g\ t}klg o;hfltdf klg kÚ?if k|wfg ePsf] kfO{G%.

5=1=3= z}lIfs cj:yf(Education condition)

;fdflhs ?kdf c%Út dflgPsf ;fsL{ hfltsf] z}lIfs cj:yf lgs} k%f*L k/]sf] b]lvG%. plgx? cfFgf] k];f k|ltlgw{s nfu]/ lzIff lt/ a(L hf]* glbPsf] kfO{G%. k|fo blnt hfltx? lzIfaf^ al¾rt ePsf] kfO{G%. clxn] cfP/ dfq s]lx blntx? k(]/ ;D:ofnfO{ phfu/ u/]kl% dfq blntx?n] lzIff lng yfn]sf xÚg\. cfFgf] kfnfdf cfFgf hfltx?nfO{ ljwfno hfg klg /f]s nufO{Psf] lyof] eg]/ cfFgf ;GtfgnfO{ klg gk(fPsf] / k(\g lt/ Tolt Wofg glbPsf] b]lvG%.w]/} jif{ kl% o; ;fsL{ hfltn] P;=n=;L plt)f{ u/]sf] ;fn 2058 ;fn dfq xf] xfn w]/}n] P;=n=;L plt)f{ u/]sf] kfO{G%. o; kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; j*f g+= 9 sf ;fsL{ hDdf 30 kl/jf/ cWoogsf] nflu %gf}^ ul/Psf]df lgDg tflnsf cgÚ;f/ lzIffsf] cj:yf b]vfpg ;lsG%.

Tflnsf g+= 4

pQm/bftfx?sf] lzIff cj:yf

s|=;+	lzIffsf] :t/	#/dÚlnsf] ;+Vof	k|ltzt
1	1 b]vL 5 sIff	10	33=3
2	5 b]lv 10sIff dfly	5	16=6
3	lg/If/	15	50
hDdf		30	100

;|f]tM :ynut cWoog

pk/f]Qm tflnsfdf b]vfO{Psf cgÚ;f/ o; cWoogsf] nflu %g}^ ul/Psf] sún #/dúlnx?sf] emG*}`emG*} a/fj/ k|ltztdf n]vk( ug{ hfg]sf] / lg/If/ ePsf] b]lvG%.;dosf] kl/jt{g ;+u ;+u} lzIfdf k|ult ePsf] o; cWoogaf^ aÚlemG%.

5=1=4= kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf(Type of family)

g]kfndf ljleGg lsl;dsf kl/jfl/ss jgf]^ ePsf] b]lvG%. o; cWoog If]qsf ;fsL{ hfltsf ;dÚbfodf PsfTds / ;+oúQ bÚj} y/Lsf kfl/j/Ls ;+/rgf ePsf] kfO{G%.zx/L If]qdf bÚj} yl/sf kfl/jf/Ls ;+/rgf ePsf] kfOG%. Zfx/L If]qdf cfwÚlglss/)fn] ubf{ k|fo PsfTds kl/jf/sf] dfu a(\b} uO{/x]sf / ;+oúQ kl/jf/sf jgf]^df s|d};+u x\f; cfpg yfn]sf] kfO{G%. ;fsL{ hfltx?n] cfkmúnfO{ kxfl* If]qnfO{ g} cfFgf] j;f]jf; dfGg] ul/G%. t/ o; hfltsf dflg;x? w]/} jif{ ;Dd afRg] gxÚbf a(L h;f] PsfTds kl/jf/ j:g ?rfp%g\. gafRgÚsf] sf/)f pgLx? Rff*kj{df a(L hf*/S;Lsf] ;]jg / clzIff klg xf]. o; uf=lj=; j*f g+= 9 sf ;fsL{ kl/jf/sf] kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf pQ/bftfx?sf] pQ/sf] cfwf/df lgDg tflnsf cgÚ;f/sf] %.

Tflnsf g+= 5

pt/bftfx?sf] kl/jf/Ls ljj/)f

s|=;+	kfl/jfl/s lsl;d	;+Vof	k|ltzt
1	PsfTds	25	83=33
2	;+oúQ	5	16=66
hDdf		30	100

;|f]t`:ynut ;j]{If)f

Dfflysf] tflnsfdf b]vfO{P cgÚ;f/ PsfTds kl/jf/ a(L a;]sf] kfO{G%. PsfTds kl/jf/df 1 b]vL 4 hgf;Dd a;f]jf; ub{%g eg] csf]{ ;+oúQ kl/jf/ sd}dfqfdf j;f]af; u/]sf] kfO{G%. ;+oúQ kl/jf/df 5 b]vL 8 hgf ;Dd j;f]jf; ul/G%. ;fsL{ hfltdf ;+oúQ kl/jf/ sd}dfqfdf j;f]jf; ul/g] xÚbf o;hftsf] k|]dlajfx al(dfqfdf k|rngdf NofO{Psf] kfO{G%. pNn]lvt cf~s*faf^ klg :k:^ xÚG%ls ;fsLx?sf] 30 kl/jf/nfO{ o; cWoog %gf}^ ul/Psf] dWo] 83=33 k|ltzt PsfTds kl/jf/sf] ?kdf j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] b]lvG%. o:t} ul/j 16=66 k|ltzt dfq ;+oúQ kl/jf/ ePsf] :k:^ b]lvG%.

;fsL{ hfltsf] kl/jf/dfx?sf] ;b:o;+u lnO{Psf] cGtjftf{ / :ynut cWoogaf^ hfgsf/L xÚg cfPcgÚ;f/ dflyNnf] hfltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] k|efj o;hfltdf klg k/]sf] b]lvG%. %f]/fx?sf] lax]jf/L ePkl% ;f;Ú aÚxf/L aLrdf em}`emu*f xÚg] xÚgfn] afp, cfdfn]g} %Ú^\ofpg] u/]sf] b]lvof]. cem ul/aLsf] sf/)faf^ klg &únf] / ;+oúQ kl/jf/af^ %Úl§Psf] xf] eGg] #/dúnLx?sf] wf/)ff %. ;fsL{ hfltn] sÚg} g sÚg} ;b:on] k|fo slx g slx hf* /S;Lsf] ;]jg ul/Psf] xÚG% / a]nÚsf #/df ToxL hf*, /S;Lsf] dftn] em} emu*f xÚg]xÚgfn] eGg] #/dúlnx?sf] ;+Vof Goúg b]lvG%. o; hfltsf] cWoogsf] s|ddf Psn kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof a(L ePsf] b]lvPtf klg o:tf kl/jf/df cfo cfh{g ug]{ pd]/ ;dúxsf] g} a(L ePsf] b]lvG%.

5=1=5= dlxnfsf] cj:yf(Condition of woman)

lxGbÚ wd{zf:q sf] cgÚ;f/ gfl/nfO{ b]ljsf] ?kdf,;/:jltsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] %. t/ gf/LnfO{ /y?kL Ps kféu|fsf ?kdf dflgg] ePtfklg Jojxf/df gf/Lx? kÚ?ifsf] bf;, v]n}gf / dgf]/¾hgsf] l:ylt ;fwg ?kdf aflr/x]sf] xÚG%. g]kfln ;dfhsf] ljlaw hfltx?df dlxnfsf] l:yltnfO{ s]lx?kdf ePklg km/s`km/s b]lvG%. To;sf/)f o; ;fsL{ hfltklg kÚ?ifk|wfg ePsfn] k}@s ;Dklt ;Dkltdfly %f]/fsf] Psflwsf/ xÚgú :jefljs xf] eg] %f]/fsf] tÚngfdf %f]/Ln] #/df a(L sfd ugÚ{kg]{ ;Totf klg cfh;Dd lawdfg g} b]lvg%. o; hfltleq klg ;dfhsf cGo hfltleq klg ;dfhsf cGo hflth:t} %f]/f / %f]/LnfO{ e]befj kú)f{g} Jojxf/ ul/G%.

hj %f]/f, %f]/L hGdG%g\ To;j]nf b]lvg} %f]/Lsf] tÚngfdf %f]/fnfO{ :sÚn k(fpg] b]lv cGo sÚ/fdf klg kl/jf/sf ;b:on] a(L k|f]T;fxg lbg] / %f]/LnfO{ :sÚn k(fpg Tolt rf;f] glbg] u/]sf] kfO{G%. o; hfltsf %f]/f / %f]/LnfO{ e]befj u/]/ g} :sÚn k(fpg klg ufx\f] dfGg] ul/G%. %f]/Ln] #/ sÚg]{, #/df ePsf ufO{, afv|fnfO{ #f~; sf^\g] #/sf] ;kmf;Úw/ ug]{, hÚ&f] ef~*f dfHg] cflb sfd ugÚ{kg]{ l:yltsf] cfefif o; cWoogaf^ yfxf kfO{of] %f]/fsf] lajfx l(nf / %f]/Lsf] lajfx eg] ;fg} pd]/df ul/Psf] klg kfO{G%.

o; hfltdf %f]/Lsf] eGbf aÚxf/Lsf] :yfg tNnf] dflgG% / e]befj kú)f{g} Jojxf/ ug]{ ul/G%. kÚ?ifx?n] k};f sdfpg] xÚbf pgLx? #/ kms]{sf] a]nf k|foM hf*,/S;L e§L-k;n_df l%/]/ #/ hfg] xÚbf ePsfn] /S;Lsf] tfndf em}`emu*f ug]{ kl/jf/df laz]if u/L >LdtLnfO{ dg nfu]sf] sÚ/f eGg] / lk^\g] ul/G% t/ dlxnfn] lt ;j}nfO{ rÚkrfk ;xgÚk/]sf] b]lvG%.o; &fpdf kÚ?ifx?n] lbge/ sfdu/]df Pslbgsf] sfd u/]sf] kfl/>ldssf] ?=200 kfp%g\ eg] dlxnfx?n] lbge/ sfd u/]tf klg p;sf] kfl/>lds ?=100 dfq xÚG%. kÚ?ifn] %fnfsf] hÚQf l;nfpg] gf]s/L / df]nkft ug]{ ub{%g eg] dlxnfx? %fnfsf] hÚQf l;nfpg hfGb}gg\ / d]nfkftdf sfd klg ;w} gkfO{g] xÚgfn] dlxnfsf] sfd eg]sf] ;w} #/ ;km;Úu/ ug]{ #/df kflnPsf ufO{a:tÚsf] x]/rfx ug]{ / s[lifdf ;w} Jo:t e}/x]tf klg dlxnfx? cfly{s ?kn] kú)f{tM kÚ?if dflyg} cfl>t ePsf] kfO{G%.

5=1=6= hflto lae]b(Cast Discrimination)

hfltotfsf] cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj / leGg`leGg hfltx?df Ps hfltn] csf]{nfO{ xf]Rofpg] k|j[lt g} hflt k|yf xf].hflt k|yf hGdut e]bsf] cfwf/df g} ul/G%. h;n] ubf{ pgLx? ;fdflhs / cfly{s ?kn] ckx]lnt / lalkGg xÚb} uPsf %g\.o;/L pkNnf] hfltn] tNnf] hftx?nfO{ ;Úlawfx? af^ jl¾rt ul/Psf] kfO{G%. o;nfO{ tn pNn]lvt lae]bsf ?kn] cem :k:^ kfg]{ %.

v klxrfg` ;+lawfg / P]g sfgÚgn] b]zsf] hflto / eflifs ljljwtf l:jLsf/]tf klg ;a} efiff wd{hft / ;dÚbfonfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ gul/gÚ.

v ;+:s[lts clts|d)f` blnt hfltsf] ;+:s[ltdf ;+ul&t wd{sf] k|efj a(\gÚ.

v eúldsf] cefj` klxn]b]lvg} blntx?nfO{ bf;bf;L jf eúbf;sf] ?kdf sÚHofO{gÚ.

v lzIff If]qdf wfld{s sf/)f b]vfO{ jl¾rt ul/gÚ.

v e]befj kú)f{ b)* ;hfo P]gsf] lgdf{)f ul/G%.

v ;dfhdf /x]sf u}/ blntx?sf] blntk|ltsf] ;f]rfO{ unt xÚgÚ.

v Bltx?sf] k|;fzg,;+¾rf/, /fhlglt,;/sf/L lglt,cfly{s ls|ofsnkdf kxÚr gxÚgÚn] hflto lje]bnfO{ cem j*fjf lbO{Psf] %.

v %Újf%Út k|yfnfO{ wd{;+u uf;]/ Jojxf/ ul/gÚ.

v hflto k]zfnfO{ cfwÚlglss/)f ug{ tkm{ sÚg} of]hgf gagfpgÚ.

v cGo l;ksf] lasf;df blntnfO{ ;xefuL gu/fO{gÚ.

v cGo ;fdflhs / ;f:s[lts ls|ofsnfkdf ;xeflu gu/fO{gÚ.

v pk/f]St sf/)fx?af^ k/]sf ;fsL{ x?sf] dÚNo / dfgotf, Jojxf/ / ;f]rfO{ g} kl/jt{g eO{ plgx?s} ;+:s[ltsf] ?kdf lasf; e} ;s]sf] %. o; sÚ/fnfO{ tn ;fsL{x?nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|Zg / hjfkmn] cem k|:^fpg] %.

v xfld k/fkúj{sfnb]vL g} c%Út hfltdf kg]{ ePsf] xÚbf xfdLn] &Únfj*f hftsf dfG%];+u To:t} Jojxf/ ugÚ{ k¥of] lg.

v xfdLx? ul/a ePsf sf/)f emg} lje]bdf k/]sf %f}.

cWoog If]qdf 30 #/dúlnx?nfO{ lnO{Psf]df sÚg} #/, k;n, xf]^n, :sún / c:ktfnx?df hflto lje]b ePsf] kfO{G%. To;}n] o;/L blnt nufot pkNnf hfltx?n] cfFgf] Jojxf/ / blntk|ltsf] ;f]rfO{ df kl/jt{g NofpgÚ kb{%.

5=1=7= ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts r]tgf(Social and political Awarness)

;fdflhs wd{, lné, kb, j)f{, k};f cflbsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ k|rng cem} x^L;s]sf] %}g. ;dfhsf dflyMnf] hftsf ju{n] tMnf] hftsf ju{ dfly zf]if)f ug]{ kl/j]z xfn cgÚ;Gwfg u/] kl% cln sd xÚb} uPsf] kfO{G%. ;fsL{ x? klg lbgk|ltlbg lzIff / r]tgfdf la:t/} kl/jt{g xÚg yfn]sf] kfO{G%.klxnf o; hftsf ;b:ox? ;dfhsf dflyNnf] hfltsf ;b:ox?;~u l;wf ws kmÚsfP/ af]Ng klg */fp%g t/ clxn] xfn;fn cfP/ pgLx? klg lgw{Ss cfFgf] dgdf nfu]sf ;j}sÚ?x? af]Ng kl% x^\b}gg\. la/fdL xÚbf wfdL emfs|L nufpg] k/Dk/f eg] cem} lgdún kfg{ ;ls/x]sf] %}g. lolgx? eútk]|tdf laZj; /fV%g.o; hfltsf] :jfldTjdf sd dfq hUuf hldg xÚg] / cGo hfltsf] :jfldTjdf ePsf] hUuf hldg df]xLsf] ?kdf klg aif{sf] 6 dlxgf vfg gkÚUg] afWotf Psflt/ % eg] csf]{lt/ zfxÚsf] zf]if)fsf] l;sf/ ePsf %g\. o;hflt ;dIf lzIffsf] pHofnf] wfd cem} ;Ddklg kÚUg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g t/ clxn] ;Dd kmÚ^Úéaf^ P;=Pn=;L kf; ug{ ;s]sf] clwsf+z sd} dfqfdf e]l^G%. o; hftsf dWo] zÚ?sf] P;=Pn=;L k/LIffdf plt)f{ u/]sf] ;fn eg]sf] 2058 xf]. o; eGbf kl% rflx la:tf/} Ps,bÚO{ u/L clxn]r} 10 hgfsf] ;+Vof kÚu]sf] %.k|ylds / slxn] dfeolds :t/;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sf] ePtf klg pxL cfFgf] hflto k]zf / s[lif k]zfnfO{ g} ckgfpg afWo ePsf %g\. ;dfhdf %Újf%Útsf] efjgfn] ubf{ dflyNnf] hfltsf] b}nfdf ;d]t ^]Sg kfpb}gg\. ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;+u;+u} ;dfhdf ePsf ;fj{hlgs :yndf h:t} b]jfno dlGb/, k;n cflb leq k:g eg] clxn] plgx?nfO{ %Ú§fO{ lbPsf] kfO{G%. o; hfltn] k};f lt/]/ sÚg} ;dfg k;naf^ lsGgnfO{ klg k;nsf] (f]sf aflx/ g} a:gÚ cj:yf lyof] /lrof vfPdf lunf; o;} hfltn] kvfNgÚ kg]{ ;fdflhs lgod % eg] o; kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; df x^\b} uPsf] kfO{G% t/ sÚg} clwsf+z &fp~x?df of] k|yf cem} klg ljwdfg g} %. o; cWoogsf] s|ddf kl/j/ / k|}( lzIffsf] af/]df klg ul/Psf] xfn;fn af^ aÚlemG%. o; hfltsf] aÚ(f kfsfx?sf] ;f]rfO{ cgÚ;f/ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ugÚ{ eg]sf] ;[i^Lsf] lgodnfO{ /f]SgÚ xf] eGg] wf/)ff clxn] cfP/ la:tf/} kl/jt{g xÚg yfn]sf] o; cWoogaf^ aÚlemG%. kÚ?if dlxnfsf] :yfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf klg ckgfO{Psf] b]lvg yfn]sf] %. clxn] cfP/ s]lx oújfx?sf] larf/df eg] ;Gtfg s] ug]{Ú plgx?sf] plrtx]/ larf/ ug{ ;lsb}g eGg] egfO{ kfO{G%. To;}n] O{Zj/n] hGdlbP kl% sd{ klg lbg] xÚgfn] aRrf hGdfpg /f]Sg xÚb}g eGg] wf/)ffdf clxn] kl/jt{g cfpg yfn]sf] kfO{G%.

o; hfltn] %f]/Lnf{O eGbf %f]/f a(L dfGotf lbPsf] cem}klg lawsfg %. %f]/L eg]sf] csf{sf] gf;f] xf] / ;do cfPkl% csf{nfO{g} aÚemfpgÚ kg]{ xÚgfn] cfkmú c;St xÚbf cfFgf] x]/rfx ug]{ JolQ klg %f]/fg} xÚg] xÚgfn] %f]/fsf] cfjZostf ePsf] kfO{G%. uj{etL dlxnfnfO{ lgoldt ?kdf :jf:y k/LIf)f u/fpg / hGd]sf ;LzÚx?nfO{ klg lgoldt ?kn] vf]k lbgÚk%]{ eGg] wf/)ffsf] lasf; lj:tf/} ePsf] kfO{G% t/ w]/} dlxnfx?n] cfFgf] aRrfnfO{ vfk t lbPsf %g\ t/ vf]ksf sf/)f eg] yfxf gePsf] sÚ/f atfp%g\.

o; hfltdf /fhg}lts r]tgf eg] sd} ;dodf lasf; ePsf] kfO{G%. plgx?nfO{ sÚg kf^L{sf] ;/sf/ eGg] sÚ/fklg clwsf+z #/dÚlnnfO{ yfxfgePsf] kfO{of]. b]zdf nf]stGqsf] zÚ? ;+u;+u} blnt hfltx?sf] /fhg}lt klg clnslt kl/jt{g ePsf] kfO{G%. ;fsL{ hfltsf] pTyfgsf] nflu st} af^ s]lxrf;f] b]vfO{Psf] yfxf %}g / sÚg} klg ;/sf/n] rf;f] b]vfpnf eGg] laZjf; gu/]sf] e]l^G% t/ clxn] la:tf/} kl/jt{g cfpg yfn]sf] olx ;+lawfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgn] aÚemfp%. Tolta]nf lgjf{rgdf sÚg lrGxdf ef] ^ xfNgÚ k%{ eGg] klg yfxf xÚb}g lyof] t/ nf]stGq nut} ljleGg kf^L{sf g]tfx? / sÚg kf^L{ xf] eGg] sÚ/f #/b}nf] s|daf^ aÚlemG%.:yflgo lgjf{rgdf o; hfltsf sÚg}klg JolSt lgjf{lrt ePsf lyPgg\. o; hfltdf k|}( lzIff nufotsf sÚ/f ubf{ cGohfltsf JolStx?n] o; &fp~df ;f] lsl;dsf] sfd ug{ ;+:yfnfO{ la:tf/} cfpg lbPsf] o; cWoog af^ aÚe\g ;lsG%.

5=1=8 wd{(Religion)

laZjf;df sÚg} klg dflg; wd{ k|lt k|efljt ePsf xÚG%g\. k|flrgsfn b]lvg} g]kfndf lxGbÚ wd{sf] afxÚNotf /xb} cfPsf]n] g]kfnnfO{ lxGbÚ clw/fHosf] ?kdf dflgb} cfPsf] kfO{G%. k|hftGqsf] kÚgMafxfnL k%f*L lgld{t g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] klg lxGbÚ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds clw/fHosf] ?kdf clésf/ u/]sf] ePtf klg oxf~ laleGg cf`cfFgf] lgi&f / k|ltawtf hfx]/ ub}{ laljw wd{sf] cgÚ;/)f ug]{ dflg;x? a;f]af; ul//x]sf %g\.g]kfndf la:tf/} wd{sf] cf*df snx, a}dGotf, emu*f ePsf] b]Vg yflnof].lxGbÚ wd{sf] cgÚ;/)f ug]{ laleGg hfltx? dWo] ;dsL{ hfltx? klg Ps xÚg elg coplon n] pNn]v u/]sf] ePtf klg kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; sf ;fsL{x?n] lxGbÚwd{sf] dfq cgÚ;/)f gu/L ls|lZrog wd{k|lt klg cfFgf] k|lta$tf hfx]/ ub]{ cgÚ;/)f ;d]t u/]sf] kfO{G%.

o;af^ klg :k:^ xÚG%ls o; uf=lj=; df lab];L wd{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ls|lZrog wd{sf] a(L k|efj k/]sf] kg{ yfn]sf] cfef; xÚG%.To:t} u/L ;fsL{ hfltsf] ;sfhdf tNnf] :t/sf] Jojxf/ ug]{ / d/]sf] l;gf], kf*f, / hf*~, /S;L vfg] u/]sf] xÚgfn] wd{sf] kl/jt{g a(L kfO{Psf] o; cWoogaf^ aÚlemG%. ls|lZrog wd{df ;dfhdf ePsf x/]s hfltdf ebefj gug]{ / sÚg} klg b]jb]jtfsf] k|;fbsf] ?kdf df%f df;Ú, hf~* /S;L gvfg] ub{%g\. ;fsL{ hfltdf lxGbÚ wd{ eGbf ls|lZrog wd{df w]/} hfg yfn]sf] hflto e]befjn] dfq u/]sf] xf] eGg] pQ/bftfx? af^ aÚlemG%. lxGbÚ wd{df a(L eGbf a(L ;+:sf/ / cfly{s lbli^ sf])fn] klg a(L vr} xÚg] xÚgfn] lxGbÚ wd{ nf]k xÚb} ls|lZrog wd{ k|lt a(L laZjf; df nfu]. ls|lZrog w]/}h;f] rh{df uP/ k|fygf ug]{ u%{g\. pgLx? k|eÚg} O{:j/ xf] eGg] jfO{jn kÚ/f)fsf] wf/)ff %. wd{, df]If, sfd, s|f]w, cy{ h:tf lxGbÚ wd{sf] cfbz{ x?nfO{ / :ju{,gs{,kfk kÚ)o h:tf cfVofgdf ;fsL{x? ljZjf; gug]{ ePsf] kfO{G%.ls|lZrog wd{df hfgÚdf Pp^f ul/jL / plgx?sf] /f]usf] pkrf/ klg xf]. o; wd{df nfu]sf ls|lZrogx? bÚMv sf] cj:yfdf klg ;Úvsf] cfjjf;g lbg] u/]sf] kfO{G%. kmÚ^Úé uf=la=; j*f g+= 9 df a:g] ;fsL{ hfltn] cgÚ;/)f u/]sf] wd{sf] lajx/)fnfO{ lgDg cgÚ;f/ tflnsfdf b]vfpg ;lsG%.

Tflnsf g+= 2

pQ/bftfx?n] dfGg] u/]sf] wd{sf] ljj/)f

s|=;+	wd{sf] laj/)f	kl/jf/ ;+Vof	hg;+Vof	k|ltzt
1	lxGbÚ	10	60	33=33
2	ls|lZrog	20	120	66=66
hDdf		30	180

;f|]t ` :yfg ;a]{If)f

pk/f]Q tflnsf af^ klg :k:^ xÚG%ls Pp^} ufp~ lasf; ;ldlt leq a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf Pp^} hfltsf JolQx?sf] klg wd{ k|ltsf] ljZjf;df km/s ePsf] kfO{G%.o; hfltx? dWo] af^ cWoogsf] nflu %g}^ ul/Psf sún hg;+Vofsf] 66=66 k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] ls|lZrogsf] cgÚ;/)f u/]sf] kfO{G% t/ lxGbÚ wd{sf] cgÚ;/)f ug]{ hg;+Vof sÚn hg;+Vofsf] 33=33 k|ltzt dfq ePsf] kfO{G%.

5=1=9= %Újf%Út(Touchability)

g]kfndf hflto %Újf%Útsf] k|rng x^\g ;s]sf] %}g.clxn] klg kxf~*sf clwsf+z &fp~x?df tNnf] hfltx?n] dflyNnf] hftnfO{ af^f] %f]*L lbgÚk%{ eg] kflg grNgÚt :jeflas g} %. Hflto lae]b tyf %Újf%Útsf] dÚVo ;|f]t eg]sf] a|fd)fafb xf]. hÚg lxGbÚ wd{af^ lasl;t ePsf] xf]. o; wd{n] blntnfO{ cklaq, c%Út / chft eg]sf] %.j)f{>d Joj:yf cgÚ;f/ hj g]kfnsf ;DkÚ)f{ hfthfltx?nfO{ hierachyal system df tufwf/L, dtjfnL, kflg grNg] %f]Ol%^f] xfNgÚkg]{ u/]/ 4 efudf laefhg ul/of] laut 15000 jif{ clwb]vL h;n] cfh u}/blntx? Dfq xf]Og :od\ blnt ;dúbfo leqleq klg ;f] Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{G%. ;fy} o;n] Pp^f ;f+:s[lts ?k klg ln ;s]sf] %. o;nfO{ xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf] hflto :t/Ls/)f (stratiyication) efUojfb / afxÚgafb(fatalism) and brahmanism) Joj:yfn] c*fO{ /fv]sf] %. h;n] cfh blnt ;fsL{x? hf] lxGbÚ wdf{nDaL xÚg plgx? %Újf%ÚtnfO{ wd{sf] ?kdf ljZjf; u%{%g\ / cfkmúeGbf pkNnf hfltnfO %f]O{lbbf kfk nfU% eGg] dfGotf % t/ clxn] wd{sf] kl/jt{g / lzIffsf] sf/)f o; dfGotfdf kl/jt{g cfpg yfn]sf] kfO{G%. o; %Újf%Út k|yfnfO{ x]g]{ o; ;fsL{ hfltsf] s:tf] cj:yfdf cfkmúnfO{ laZjf; ug]{ ub{% eGg] tnsf] tflnsfn] cem k|:^ofpg] %.

Tfflnsf 6=

cWoog If]qdf ;fsL{x?sf] %Újf%ÚtnfO{ x]g]{ bÚi^Lsf])f

%Újf%Út k|ltsf] wf/)ff	#/dÚlnsf] ;+Vof	k|ltzt
klxn] b]lvsf] xfd|f] k/Dk/f.	2	6=66
xfdL O{Zj/af^ &luPsf] xf].	4	13=33
of] l&s xf]Og xfdL klg cGo;+u ;dfg xÚgÚ k%{.	24	80
hDdf	30	100

;|f]t` :ynut ;j]{If)f

pk/f]Qm tflnsfaf^ klg :k:^ xÚG% ls Pp^} ufp~df a;f]jf; ub]{ cfPsf Pp^} hfltsf JoQmLx?sf] klg %Újf%Út k|yfk|lt km/s`km/s ljZjf;df ePsf] kfO{G%.o; hfltsf dWo]af^ cWogsf] nflu %gf}^ ul/Psf sÚn #/dÚlnsf] 80 k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] %Újf%Út t l&s xf]Og, xfdL klg cGo;+u ;dfg xÚgÚkb{% eGg] b]vfOG% eGg] sd} dfqfdf k/Dk/f / O{Zj/af^ &luPsf] df 6=66 k|ltzt / 13=33 k|ltzt b]Vg ;lsG%.

%Újf%Út k|yfnfO{ s;/L x^fpg ;lsG% eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf cfPsf] pQ/x?nfO{ lgDg cgÚ;f/sf] tflnsfdf b]vfpg ;lsG%.

Tfflnsf 7

%Újf%Út x^fpg ugÚ{kg]{ sfo{

s|=;	ljj/)f	#/dúnL ;+Vof	k|ltzt
1	lzIff @f/f	8	26=6
2	s*f sfgÚg agfP/	4	13=3
3	wd{ kl/jt{g u/]/	12	40
4	ul/jL x^fP/	6	20
	hDdf	30	100

;|f]t` :ynut cWoogs

%Újf%Út w]/} klxn]b]vL rlncfPsf] Joa:yf xf] / o; kl/jt{g ug{ caw]/} ;do gnfUg] b]lvG% lsgsL o; eGbf clwNnf] tflnsf cgÚ;f/ w]/} k|ltzt #/dÚlnx?nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf x]l/gÚ kg]{ sÚ/fdf laZjf; /fVb%g\ eg] T;;} u/L o; tflnsf af^ klg %Újf%Út k|yfnfO{ x^fpg 40 k|ltzt wd{ kl/jt{g af^, 26=6 k|ltzt lzIff@f/f, 20 k|ltzt ul/jL x^fP/ / 13=3 k|ltzt s*f sfgÚg agfP/ dt lbPsf lyP. o; af^ s] eGg ;lsG% eg] %Újf%Út k|yf dfgj lgld{t k/Dk/f xf] eGg] sÚ/fdf ;r]tgf cfPsf] % / o;nfO{ x^fpg blnt ;dÚbfonfO{ cf}krfl/stf lzIff sfgÚgL lzIff tyf sfgúgsf] kfngf / /f]huf/L tyf >d :jtGqtfsf] cj;/jf^ ;lsG% eGg] aÚem\g ;lsG%.

5=1=10= ;fdflhs cj:yfsf k|dÚv kl/jt{gx?(Major changes of social condition)

kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; sf blnt hflt dWo]klg ;fsL{ hfltx? cNk;+Vofdf /x]sf] xÚbf plgx?n] cfkmúnfO{ ;f] ;dfhdf cfFgf] cl:tTj :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{b}g pgLx?sf] ljsf; tyf pTyfgsf nflu ;f] &fp~df laz]if kl/of]hgfx? la:tf/} e}/x]sf] b]lvG%.

pQ/bftf dlxnfx? #/sf] sfd afx]s ;fdflhs sfddf ;xefuL ePsf] kfO{G% / c? kÚ?if pkl:yt ePsf] &fp~df klg sÚg} sfo{s|d ;+¾rfng ePsf] % eg] pkl:yt ePsf] kfO{of]. dlxnfx? klg dlxnf C)f kl/of]hgf tkm{ clw ;/]sf] kfO{of].

;f] &fp~df Pswd{ af^ csf]{ wd{df kl/jt{g ePsf] / cfly{s lakGgtfsf] sf/)f af^ xf] eGg] aÚlemG%. %Újf%Úsf] e]befjnfO{ lgdL{t agfPsf] ;+:sf/nfO{ wd{ dfkm{t / lzIffsf] lasf; ;+u;+u} km/s km/s wf/)ff JoQm u/]sf] kfO{of].

clwsf+z ;fsL{x?sf] lzIffdf kl/jt{g xÚb} cfPsf] x/]s ;d:ofdf klg cuf*L a(\g ;Sg] eGg] sÚ/f oxf~ k|:^ xÚg cfp%. O; cWoof af^ aem ;fIf/ / lg/If/ emG*}`emG*} a/fa/ h:t} xÚg cfpg nfu]sf] kfO{of].

5=2= ;f+:s[tLs cj:yf

5=2=1= hGd ;+:sf/(Birth Ritul)

dflg; hGd]b]vL d[Toú k/of{Gt / d[Toúkl% klg cfFgf] ;Gtfgx?sf] dfWodn] cg]sg ;+:sf/x? ug]{ hflt kb{%g\. dflg; / kzÚnfO{ lje]bLs/)f ug]{ sf/s tTjg} ;:+sf/ xf]. lxGbÚ wd{sf] kÚ/f)fx?,dgÚ:d[ltdf j)f{n] b]jsfo{ / lkt[sfo{nfO{ a(L dxTj lbO{G%. dgÚ:onfO{ zÚ@fpg hGd;+:sf/, cGg k|fzg, a|tjGw, lajfx cflb ul/G%. ;fsL{x? klg ;dfhdf dflyNnf] hfltx?n] ug]{ ;a} ;+:sf/x? ug]{ ub{%g t/ plgx?sf] ;+:sf/df a(L dfqfdf hf~*, /S;L k|of]udf /flvG%.

ha o; hfltdf aRrf hlGdG% Tolt a]nf b]vL Gjf/g gu/];Dd ;Úts afg]{ rng klg %. hÚg #/df ;Úts k%{To; #/sf] cnfjf cfFgf] j+zsf ;a} #/kl/jf/n] ;Úts afgÚ{ kb{%. cfFgf] kÚ/f]lxt af]nfO{ gjhft lzzÚsf] gfdfs/)f u/]kl% ;Úts rf]lvPsf] dflgG%. ;ÚTs]/L Ps dlxgf kl% dfO{tLdf nlu :xf/;Ú;f/ ug]{ / dfO{tLaf^ ;ÚTs]/L #/ kms{bf{ sf];]nL k&fpg] rng b]lvG%

5=2=2 cGgk|fzg(Birth ceromony)

aRrf hGd]sf] 5`6 dlxgfdf cGg vÚjfpg zÚ? ul/g] lbgnfO{g} cGgk|fzg ;+:sf/ elgG%. o; hfltdf klg cGgk|fxgsf] dxTj cToflws ePtf klg cfly{s sdhf]/ cj:yfsf] sf/)f Tolt wÚdwfd u/L dgfpb}gg\.

5=2=3= a|tjGw(Bratabanda)

%f]/f hGd]sf] 14`15 jif{ ePkl% a|d)f hfltsf] Hof]ltif jf cfFgf] kÚ/f]lxt@f/f nug hÚ/fO{ a|tjGwsf] ;fOt hÚ/fO{G%. a|tjGw ug]{ lbg -sÚdf/_ a|tjGw ug]{ JolQsf] skfn vf}/g] ul/G% / lxGbÚ ;+:sf/ cgÚ;f/g} laljwtf ?kdf a|tjGw ul/G%. o:t} u/L ;fsL{ hfltsf] klg a|tjGw k/Dk/f kfO{G%. o; hfltsf ulj JolQx?n] %f]/fsf] a|tjGw cfFgf] #/sf gu/L bfhÚefO{sf] %f]/f ;+u;+u} Pp^} #/d fug]{ rng % eg] b]jtfsf] dlGb/df nu]/ klg ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG%. o; hfltsf] klg cfFg} lalw lawfg cgÚ;f/sf] dGq pQm ;+:sf/df ;Úgfpg] ul/G% t/ o; hfltnfO{ hg} nufpg} k%{ eGg] %}g. a|tjGw ug]{ sÚdf/nfO{ a|tjGw ;lsPkl% dfdfw/ af^ NofO{Psf] gof~ sk*f nufO{ lbg] rng b]lvG% / dfdfsf] klg w]/} dxTj dxTjkú)f{ eÚldsf /x]sf] kfO{G%.o; ;+:sf/sf klg cf Fgf O{:^ldq / %/l%d]sL af]nfO{ ef]h et]/ ul/G%.a|tjGw ;fwf/)f?kdf g} ;DkGg ug]{ rng ePtf klg o:tf] ;+:sf/df klg h*,/S;Lsf] k|of]u cToflws ?kdf xÚg] xÚbf w]/} lbg ;Dd ;+:sf/ xÚg] #/df dflg;sf] le* nfU%.

5=2=4= lajfx(Marriage)

lajfx bÚO{ leGg`leGg lnésf] aGwgdf aflwg] dfq geO{ w/Joaxf/,j+z rnfpg klg clgjfo{ b]lvG%. ;fsL{ hfltdf dfuL / k|]d lajfx k|rngdf /x]sf] kfO{G%.lajfx ;+:sf/ lxGbÚ wfld{s k/Dk/f cgÚ;f/ ;DkGg ul/g] ePtf klg c? hflt;+u ldNbf] hÚNbf] b]lvG%. o; hfltdf wd{sf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ lajfx ;+:sf/df cln kl/jt{g kfO{Psf] %. O; hfltdf cfFg} hflt;+u lajfx ugÚ{ kg]{ ;fdflhs aGwg ePsf] kfO{G%. o; hfltdf slt kÚ:tf leq lajfxjf/L rNb}g eGg] ;Djgwdf km/s km/s larf/wf/f b]lvG% t/ afaÚ k§Lsf] -7_ ;ft kÚ:tf leq / cfdf k§Lsf] -5_ kf~r kÚ:tfleq ;fdfGotof lajfx ug{ xÚb}g eGg]x?sf] ;+Vof cToflbs kfO{of].sfuL lajfx ug]{x? plgx?sf] uIo cgÚ;f/sf] ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G%. ;fsL{ hfltdf wd{sf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ lajfx ;+:sf/g} kl/jt{g ePsf] tYofé e]l^P. lxGbÚ wd{ cgÚ;f/ lajfx ;+:sf/df a]xÚnf k§Laf^ hGtLnlu ;s]kl% a]xÚnfsf] #/df /To}nL v]Ng] rng % / a]xÚnL lng uPsf hlGtx?nfO{ a]xÚnL k§Laf^g} uIo cgÚ;f/sf] vfglkgsf] Joj:yf ul/G%.t/ ls|:rog wd{ cgÚ;f/ rh{df uP/ lajfx ;DkGg ul/G%.k|]d lajfxdf eg] s]^f / s]^Lsf] dg ldn]kl% bÚj}hgf #/sf^ cGogq st} hfg] / kl% #/df leqfpg] rng %.

;fsL{ hfltdf kÚgMlajfx ug]{ rng %}g / kf/kfrÚs] klg o; o; hfltdf kfO{b}g. lawjf lajaxnfO{ /fd|f] dflgb}g.o; uf=lj=; sf ;fsL{ hfltx?df Ps hgfn] klg axÚlajfx u/]sf] kfO{Pg. To:t} u/L lajfx u/L lbg] ;Dkú)f{ lhDdfg} cleefjsnfO{ xÚg] xÚbf sfd ug{ g;Sg] s]^L ;u~ %f]/fsf] lajfx gug]{ xÚgfn] lajfx klg pd]/ kÚu]kl% g} ul/G% t/ #/dÚlnn] lajfx ubf{ j)f{nfO{,uÚ)fnfO{ eGbf ju{nfO{ lgZlrt ?kdf Wofg lbPsf] kfO{G%. wgL ju{sf] s]^fn] wgLju{s} s]^f;~u / lzlIft s]^fn] lzlIft s]^L tf]s]/ g} lajfx ug]{ k|rng a(\g yfn]sf] %. o:tf] larf/ ePtf klg o; cWoog If]qdf ;fsL{ hfltx?sf] aÚxf/Lx? k|foM lg/If/ g} b]lvG%g\. o; cWoogdf kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; df /x]sf ;fsL{x?sf] lajfx k|fo ;fg}df xÚg] cyf{t 14`18 aif{sf] pd]/df / 19`23 aif{sf] pd]/df lajfx ;+Vof l&s} kfO{G% t/ 24`30 jif{sf] pd]/df eg] lajfx u/]sf] ;+Vof %}g.lzIffsf] kl/jt{g ;+u;+u} lajfx ug]{ pd]/ lj:tf/} cyf{t s]^f / s]^L bÚj} cln k(]/ pd]/ kÚu]kl% dfq lajfx u/]sf] kfO{G%. o; hfltsf] clwsf+z ;b:ox? ePsf] xÚgfn] klg kl/jf/ ;+Vof j(fpg] s|ddf lajfxnfO{ plrt :yfg lbPsf] kfO{G%.

5=2=5= d[Toú ;+:sf/(Death Ritual)

;fsL{ hfltdf d[Toú ;+:sf/nfO{ a(L dxTjkú)f{ ;+:sf/x?sf] ?kdf lng] ul/G%. lxGbÚwd{ dfGg] ePsf] xÚgfn] lolgx? kúj{ hGd / kÚg{hGddf a(L laZjf; ub{%g\. d[Toú ;+:sf/ /fd|/L gu/]df d[Tt cfTdfn] lkg]{ Pjd\ ltlgx? Eút cyjf lkrf; ag]/ kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox?nfO{ af/Daf/ bÚMv lbg] lkg]{ sÚ/fdf laZjf; ug]{ ePsfn] cfTdfnfO{ df]Io u/fpg clgjfo{ % / o:tf] df]If u/fpg] sfddf kÚ/f]lxt pkl:yt clgjfo{ sflgPsf] % t/ ls|:rog wd{ dfGg] ;fsL{x? eg] tL ;a sÚ/fnfO{ laZjf; ub}gg\. ls|lZRog wd{n] ;fsL{x?nfO{ a(L eGbf a(L k|]l/t u/]sf] o; cWoog af^ k|:^ xÚG%. o;/L Pp^} hfltklg d[Toú k|lt km/s`km/s larf/ kfO{gÚsf] dÚVo sf/)f eg]sf] wd{df ePsf] lae]bLs/)f xf].

lxGbÚ wd{sf cgÚofoLx? d[t nf;nfO{ glhsf] wf^df nu]/ hnfp%g\. o;/L d[t nf;nfO{ ef^df n}hfbf o; hfltsf %/l%d]sL ;xefuL xÚG%g\ t/ dlxmfsf] eg] ;xefuL xÚb}g. o; hfltdf d[Toú ;+:sf/df uÚ&Lsf] Joj:yf gePsf] / d[tnf;nfO{ wf^df nu]/ hnfpg] a]nfdf d[tssf] %f]/fn] cyjf %f]/f geP bfhÚ,efO{n] bfujlQ lbG%g. d[Toú ePsf] 10 lbg;Dd ls|of a:%g d[tssf] %f]/f jf %f]/f geP bfhÚeO{n] ls|of a:gÚkb{% / 10 lbgsf] lbgdf rf]vofpg] / cfFgf] O{R%f cgÚ;f/ jf uI%] cgÚ;f/ vf^,l;/s, la%\o}gf, nÚufkmf^f] ,cGgsf cltl/Q b|Jo kÚ/f]lxtnfO{ bfg lbg] ul/G%. o; lbgdf cFgf] O{i^lqnfO{ / dnfdL uPsf ;a}nfO{ af]nfP/ dgUo vfg lbgÚk%{. 10 lbgsf] sfd ;lsP kl% 45 lbg, 6 dlxgf / 1 jif{df >fb ug]{ ul/G%. d[Toú ePsf] 1 jif{ ;Dd d[tssf] %f]/fn] a/vL afg]{Ú k%{. O;/L a/vL afg]{x?n] ;]tf] sk*f dfq nufpgÚ k%{. 1 jif{ kÚu]kl% a/vL kmÚsfpg kÚgM >fb ugÚ{kg]{ xÚG%.1 jif{ kl% klg k|To]s Ps Ps jif{df >fb ug]{ ul/G%.

To;} ul/ ls|lZrog wd{df d[ToÚ ;+:sf/ cln leGg kfO{G%. o; wd{ lng]x?n] t 10 lbg ;Dd ls|of a:gÚ klg k/b}g / 1 aif{ ;Dd a/vL klg afgÚ{ klg k/b}g. o; wd{dfGg] ;fsL{ hfltx?df eg] d[tsf] nf;nfO{ uf*\gÚ k%{ eGg] w/)ff %. d[Toú ePkl% rh{df va/ ul/lbg] / Tlxsf dflg;x? cfP/ k|fy{gf u/]/ Pp^f afs;df xfn]/ ghnfO{ Pp^f lglZrt &fp~df nu]/ uf*\g] ul/G%. o; cWoog If]qdf a(L ls|lZrogx?sf] xfn ;Dd d[ToÚ ePsf] xÚgfn] o; ed{ k|lt d[ToÚ ;+:sf/ cln yfxf ePsf] atfp~%g\. lqlZroog wd{ k|ltsf] d[ToÚ ;+:sf/ cln yfxf ePsf] atfp%g\. ls|lZrog wd{ dfGg]x?sf] d[toÚ ePsf] s]lx lbg kl% klg ;+ult ug]{ rng %. ;fsL{x?sf] ;+ultdf ;j} ls|lZrogx?nfO{ Ps &fp~df jf d[tssf] #/df af]nfP/ ;+ult /fVg] u/]sf] kfO{G%. pgLx? a(L cGo b]jtfx?nfO{ kúhf cr{gf ugÚ{ klg kb}{g.

5=3= ;fsL{ hfltsf] cfly{s cj:yf(Economic condition of sarki cast)

5=3=1= kl/ro(Introducation)

dflg;sf] lhjgdf ufp~, af~;, skf; h:tf tTjx?sf] cfj:ostf kb{% oL cfwf/eÚt tTjx?sf] cltl/St :jf:y, lzIff, ;Ú/Iff, oftfoft, dgf]/¾hg cflb sÚ/fx? klg cleGg cfjZostfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] %.oL ;a}nfO{ kÚ/f ug]{ ;fwggO{ cy{ xf] cyf{t cfly{s ls|ofsnfk af^g} dfgj cfFgf] lhjg :t/ ;Úwfb}{ pGgt eljZolt/ pGdÚv xÚG%. cfly{s ls|ofsnfkn]g} ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs, cf}wf]lus / a}!flgs h:tf laleGg If]qdf k|efj kf/]sf] xÚG%. cfly{s b[lZ^n] ;DkGg xÚg] ;dfhg} cGoIf\qsf] pGgltdf ;xefuL xÚg ;S%. To;}u/L x/]s ;dÚbfosf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ xfjf kflg eÚldsf] agfj^ / eú`ef}lts jftfj/)fsf] k|efa kl//x]sf] xÚG%. o;/L x]bf{ dfgj ;EotfnfO{ olt a(L cfly{s k|efjn] hul*Psf] % ls p To; af^ pDs]/ efUg klg ;Sb}g a? cfly{s lhjgnfO{ /fd|/L ;¾rfng ug{ laleb k];f / Joj;fonfO{ c+uf~Ng afWo xÚG%. tTtsflng ;dfhdf dflg;x? cf`cfFg} laz]ifLs[t ;Lkdf nfu]/ hLjg ofkg ub{y]{.Ps lsl;dn] l;kdf >d laefhg h:t} Joj:yf lyof].

o:t} ;Lk jf sfd laif]zn] ubf{ ;fsL{ ;ÚgÚjf/, bdfO{, sfdL, h:tf hftsf] k|fbejL ePsf] xf]. ;fsL{ hfltsf] Zjf; laz]ifLs[t k];f eg]sf] %fnfsf] hÚQf l;nfpgÚ xf] t/ o; k]zfn] dfq ;fsL{ hfltsf] lhjg ofkg sl&g xÚb} uPsf] xÚgfn] ;fy} of] %fnfsf] Joj;fodf cGo hfltsf] k|j]zn] cfhef]ln o; hfltn] klg s[lif,gf]s/L, Hofnf, dhbÚ/L cflb ljlaw k]zf ckgfpb} cfFgf] k/Dk/fut k];fnfO{ %f]*\b} cfPsf] b]lvG%.

5=3=2= k];f(Occupation)

Cflys{ b[i^Lsf])faf^ ;aeGbf klxn] pNn]v ul/g] s|d eg]sf] k];f xf].;fsL{ hfltsf] cfFgf] k/Dk/fut k];f eg]sf] %fnfsf] hÚQf ;Lnfpg jf %fnfsf] sfd ug{Ú xf]. kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; j*f g+= 9 a;f]af; ug]{ ;fsL{x? k/Dk/fut k]zfsf] cltl/Qm s[lif gf]s/L, Hofnf,dhbÚ/L h:tf laljw k]zfdf cfa$ ePsf] b]lvG%. ;fsL{ hfltn] kzÚkfng klg u/]sf] b]lvG% t/ kzÚkfngnfO{g} Joj;flos ?kdf dfGg] o; hfltsf] kl/jf/ eg] o; ufp~df kfO{b}gg\.s[lif k];fdf dfq ;w} sfd gkfO{g] xÚgfn] ;fsL{x? laljw k];fdf klg nfu]sf] b]lvG%. o; hfltsf] #/dÚlnx?sf] k];fsf] ljj/)f lgDg cgÚ;f/ tflnsfdf b]vfpg ;lsG%.

Tflnsf g+= 8

pQ/bftfx?sf] k]zfsf] ljj/)f

k]zf	#/dÚlnsf] ;+Vof	k|ltzt
%fnfsf] Joj;fo	10	33=3
s[lif Aoj;fo	8	26=6
gf]s/L -;/sf/L_	2	6=66
gf]s/L -k|Oe]^_	1	3=3
dhb/ÚL	9	30
hDdf	30	100

;|f]t ` :ynut ;j]{If)f

pk/f]Qm tflnsfaf^ klg :k:^ xÚG% ls o; cWoogdf ;fsL{ hfltsf] 30 #/ kl/jf/ ;+Vof %gf}^ ul/Psf]df 33=3 k|ltzt #/dÚnLx?sf] %fnfsf] sfd ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG%. o:t} u/L 30 k|ltzt dhbÚ/L, 26=6 k|ltzt s[lif k]zf 3=3 k|ltzt gfs/L-k|fO{{e]^_ / 6=6 k|ltzt, gf]s/L -;/sf/L_ ckgfpg] u/]sf] kfO{of]. t;y{ plgx?nfO{ cfwÚlgs l;k lasf; lt/ pGdÚv u/fpg kg]{ b]lvG%.

cfFgf] hdLg geP/ klg oxf~ ;fsL{x? clxn] ;Dd oxf~sf ;fsL{x? k/Dk/fut s[lif k|)fnLdfg} %g\. o; hfltn] pAhlg ug]{ dÚVoaflnx?df wfg, u~xÚ, ds}g} xf].cfkmún] pTkfbg u/]sf] vfWofGgn] lolgx?nfO{ jif}e/L kÚu]sf] b]lvb}g. kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; sf] j*f g+= 9 sf ;fsL{x? klg cfFgf] hflt k/Dk/f cgÚ;f/g} %fnfsf] hÚQmf l;nfpg] sfddf w]/} nfu]sf] b]lvG% t/ cfwÚlgs oúudf la:tf/} pwf]uaf^ pTkflbt ePsf] hÚQf a(L dfu kÚlt{df ePsf] b]lvG%.

k/Dk/fut k]zf / cGo k]zfdf ;+nUg gePsf jf s[lif Joj;fodf ;+nUg eP/ klg cw{ a]/f]huf/ xÚg kÚu]sf] o; hfltsf ;b:ox? laljGg Hofnfbf/L sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG%. laz]; u/L of] hft ef/L afSg], c?sf] v]taf/Lsf sfd ug]{ h:tf sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG%. o:tf hfltsf ;b:ox?n] cfFgf] #/df dfq hÚQf k;n g/fvL cGo kmÚ^kftdf klg k;n ug]{ ;+Vof klg Goúg b]lvG%. cem eGg] xf] eg] oxf~sf ;fsL{x?n] o; &fp~df eGbf ^f(f uP/ cfFgf] k]zf u/]sf] kfO{G%. #/df dlxnfx? d]nfkft ug]{ / kÚ?if eg] aflx/ uP/ %fnfsf] sfd u/]/ cfFgf] lhjg uÚhf/f rnfpg] ;+Vof klg e]l^Psf] kfO{G%. o:tf] ubf{ klg cfFgf] kl/jf/df s]lx rf*kj{df jf #/vr{ rnfpg C)f ;d]t lnP/ rnfO{Psf] kfO{G%. dÚn?kdf eGgÚkbf{ cfly{s nufgLsf] cefj / cfwÚlgs l;ksf] sldn] ubf{ pgLx? %fnf Joj;fo /fd|f];+u rNg ;ls//x]sf] %}g.

5=3=3= hldgsf] juL{s/)f(Land Distribution)

kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; sf j*f g+= 9 sf ;fsL{ hfltx?sf] kl/jf/x?sf] cfFgf] :jflesdf slx~ st} klg hdLg ePsf] kfO{b}g eg] s]lx dfqfdf cfFgf] hldgdf s[lif Joj;fo ug]{ ub{%. o;/L o; hfltn] cfFgf] c?sf] u/]/ sdfpb} cfPsf] hdLgnfO{ lgDg cgÚ;f/sf] tflnsf df b]vfpg ;lsG%.

Tfflnsf g+=

pQ/bftfx?n] sdfPsf] hdLgsf] ljj/)f

s|=;	hldgsf] k|sf/	#/ kl/jf/ ;+Vof	k|ltzt
1	cfFgf] dfq hldg sdfpg]	4	13=33
2	c?sf] dfq hdLg sdfpg]	4	13=33
3	c?sf] / cfFgf] hldg sdfpg]	22	73=33
	hDdf	30	100

;|f]t` :ynut ;j]{If)f

pk/f]Q tflnsf af^ s] :k:^ xÚG% eg] o;;fsL{ hfltsf] 30 kl/jf/ ;+VofdWo] cfFgf] dfq hdLg sdfpg] / kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf 73=33 k|ltzt c?sf] xÚg] ePsf] b]lvG%. w]/}sd hldg ePsf] sf/)f / c?sf] hdLgdfly cfFgf] :jfldTjgO{ /x]sf] sf/)flolgx?sf] cfly{s cj:yf bolgo aGb} uPsf] kfO{G%. ;fsL{x? klg cfhsfn cfFgf] hldg ePsf a]Rb} cfPsf] b]lvG%. cfwÚlgs kl/j]z ;+u cfFgf] hdLgnfO{ ;Úv lt/ pGdÚv ug{ w/} ;+wif{ ulPsf] kfO{G%.

Tfflnsf g+= 2

pQ/bftfsf] :jfldTjsf] hldgsf] ljj/)f

hldgsf] If]qkmn / /f]kgL	#/wÚ/L ;+Vof	k|ltzt
0 b]vL 2	20	66=66
2 b]vL 4	20	33=33
4 b]vL a(L	30	0
hDdf		100

pk/f]Q tflnsf af^ s] :k:^ xÚG% eg] o; hfltsf] hDdf 30 #/wÚ/L ;+Vof dWo] 66=66 k|ltzt kl/jf/sf] cfFgf] :jfldTjdf 0 b]vL 2 /f]klg eg] 10 #/wÚ/L ;+Vofsf] 33=33 k|ltzt cfFgf] :jfldTjdf hldg 2 b]vL 4 ;Dd /x]sf] kfO{G% t/ 4 b]vL a(L hldg cfFgf] :jfldTjdf gePsf] kfO{G%. o; ;fsL{ hfltx?n] k|fo cfFgf] :jfldTjsf] hdLg sdxÚg] ePsf] sf/)f c?sf] sdfO{df u/]sf] kfO{G%.

5=3=4=vfWofGg pTkfbgsf] l:ylt(Situtation of food producation)

k|)fflnx?sf] nflu clt dxTjkÚ)f{ cfwf/eÚt tTj eg]sf] vfwfGg klg Ps xf].g]kfndf a;f]jf; ug]{ hflt, ju{, ;dúbfo g} hlt %g\ ltdLx?n] klg s]lx g s]lx pTkfbg ul//x]s} xÚG%g. kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; g} If]qkmnsf] lx;fjn] o; &fp~df a(L wfg, uxÚ+ / ds} dÚVo afnL xÚg\. To;}n] o; uf=lj=; j*f g+=9 sf ;fsL{x? cfFgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf hldgx? sd} dfq %g\. vfWoGg pTkfbg u/]klg o; hfltsf ;b:onfO{ jif{e/L vfg kÚUb}g. sDtLdf klg kl/jf/ ;+Vof yf]/} eof]eg] dfq % dflxgf ;Dd kÚUg ;Sg] vfwfGg cflb c? sdfPsf]nfO{ aÚemfpgÚ kg]{ xÚbf~ ox~f ;b:ox?n] jif{e/L vfg kÚUb}g. To;}sf/)f pk/f]Qm vfwfGgn] o; hfltsf] kl/jf/x?nfO{ slt dlxgf;Dd vfg kÚUb% eGg] sÚ/f lgDg tflnsf cgÚ;f/ b]vfpg ;lsG%.

Tfflnsf g+= 10

;fsL{ hfltdf vfwfGgsf] l:ylt

vfwfGg kÚUg] l:ylt-dlxgfdf_	#/ kl/jf/ ;+Vof	k|ltzt
1 b]vL 3	20	66=66
4 b]lv 6	10	33=33
7 b]lv 12	0	0
hDdf	30	100

;|ft` :ynut ;j]{If)f

Dfflysf] tflnsfaf^ s] :k:^ xÚG% eGbf o; hfltsf] cToflws hg;+Vof s[lifdf ;+nUg eP klg gfd dfq xf]. lsgeg] kmÚ^Úé j*f g+= 9 df a:g] ;fsL{x? nfO{ 3 dlxgf ;Dd klg vfg kÚUb}g. 1 dlxgf b]vL 3 dlxgf ;Dd cfFgf] hdLgaf^ pTkflbt vfwfGgn] vfg kÚUg] sÚn kl/jf/ ;+Vof 66=66 k|ltzt % eg] 33=33 k|ltzt kl/jf/nfO{ cfFgf] hdLgaf^ pTkflbt vfwfGg sl/a 4 b]vL 6 dlxgf ;Dd dfq vfg kÚUb% eg] aif{ ;Dd vfg kÚUg] kl/jf/g} %}g.

o;af^ s] aÚXg ;lsG% eg] o; hfltsf] ;a} kl/jf/x?n] w]/} yf]/} ls]/ g} vfgÚkg]{ xÚG%. Goúg eÚld / k/Dk/fut s[lif k|)ffnLn] pgLx?sf] vfwfGg pTkfbg Goúg ePsf] kfO{G%. h;n] ubf{ C)f lnP/ uÚhf/f rnfpgÚ kg]{ xÚG% / l/g ltg{ g;s]/ cfFgf] ePe/sf] hfO{ h]yf a]RgÚ k/]sf] b]lvG%. t;y{ plgx?nfO{ cGo cfo dÚns sfddf ;xefuL u/fpgÚ kg]{ b]lvG%. o; cWoog kZrft ;fsL{x? klg c? sÚg} k]zfut cfodúmd sfddf ;xefuL ePsf] sÚ/f kpg ;lsG%.

5=3=5= laleGg k]zfaf^ ug]{ cfDbfgL(Income from differsnt occupation)

O; hfltsf] s]lx JolQmx? s[lifdf dfq lglxt geO{ cGo Joj;fodf klg s]lx g s]lx ?kdf ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG%. o; hfltdf ;+nUg ePsf laljw k]zfx? h:t} hÚQf l;nfpgÚ, gf]s/L ug]{, / Hofnf dhbÚ/L ug]{ cflb cflbaf^ klg k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf] ;fnfvfnf aflif{s cfDbfgL pgLx?sf] cfly{s ultlalwdf k|ToIf ;xof]u kÚ¥ofPsf] b]lvG%. o; hfltdf Hofnf dhbÚ/L u/]/ cfFgf] cfo ;|t a(L dfqfdf agfPsf] b]lvG%. cfhsfn o; hfltsf ;b:ox? cfFgf] cfDbfgL a(L eGbf a(L b]vfpg hdLg a]rlavg ug]{ lt/ klg nfu]sf] kfO{G%. k|on] %fnfsf] sfdnfO{ Wofg glbO{ c? sÚg} k]zf ckgfPsf] b]Vg efn]sf] kfO{G%.

;fsL{ hfltsf] cfFgf] lalzi^ k]zf ePtf klg k/Dk/fut (éaf^ lgdf{)f ePsf %fnfsf] hÚQfsf] dfu ;dfhdf w^\b} uPsf] xÚgfn] lolgx? cGo k]zfsf] vf]lhdf %g\ / cfFgf] k]zfnfO{ cfwÚlgls s/)f cToGt cfjZos b]lvG%. ;dfhdf c? hflt dfkm{t ckx]lnt k]zfsf] ?kdf klg lnPsf] kfO{G%. o; ;fsL{ hfltx?sf] klg ahf/ Joa:yfkg, C)fsf] ;Úlawf xÚg]u/L sÚg}klg ;+:yfsf] lasf; ul/Psf] kfO{G%.jt{dfg lzIffsf] dfWodaf^ /f]huf/Lsf] cGo lasNktkm{ o; hfltnfO{ k|efljt u/fpg ;lsG%. oLlgx?n] s]lx Joj;fo rnfpg cfFgf} hflt dfkm{t C)flng xÚg] ul/ PsdÚ:^ hDdf ug]{ ul/ plgx? Hflt :j+o cWoIftfdf u&g u/Psf] ;+w ;+:yf lasf; ePsf] kfO{G%.

5=3=6= kzÚkfng(Livestock)

kmÚ^Úé uf=lj=; cGt{ut cWoog ul/Psf] j*f g+= 9 df /x]sf] ;fsL} hfltn] kzÚkfngdf Tolt rf;f] g/fs]sf] kfO{G% t/ sÚg} sÚg} #/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] cfFgf] hft cgÚ;f/ kzÚkfng u/]sf] kfO{G%. oL hfltsf ;b:ox? ufO{e};L eg] Tolt kfn]sf] b]lvb}g. t/ a+u~/, afv|f, eg] w/}n] kfn]sf] b]lvG%. ;fsL{ hfltn] sÚg?kdf kzÚkfng u/]sf %g\ eGg] ;DjGwdf lgDg cgÚ;f/ tflnsfdf b]vfpg ;lsG%.

Tflnsf g+= 11

pQ/bftfx?sf] kzÚkfngsf] :lylt

kzÚsf] laj/)f	kzÚkfNg] kl/j/ ;+Vof	kzÚ ;+Vof	k|ltzt
ufO{	1	1	3=33
afv|f	9	15	30
a+uÚ/	1	3	3=33
s]lx gkfNg]	19	0	63=33
hDdf	30	19	100

;|f]t` :ynut ;j]{If)f

dflysf] tflnsf cgÚ;f/ o; hfltn] cfly{s pkfh{gsf] nflu kzÚkfng Joj;fodf Tolt rf;f] /fv]sf] b]lvb}g lsgeg] o; cWoognsf] nflu hDdf 30 #/ %gf}^ ul/Psf]df kzÚkfng ug{ kl/jf/ ;+Vof 11 dfq b]lvG%g\. sÚn kl/jf/ dWo] 3=33 k|ltzt ufO{ kfn]sf] 3=33 a+u~Ú/ kfn]sf] / af~sL 30 k|ltztn] afv|f kfn]sf] b]vfpg ;lsG%. o;/L s]lx gkfNg]df 63=33 k|ltzt a(L b]lvG%. o;/L lo dflysf tYof° af^ s] :k:^ xÚG% eg] sÚg} kl/af/n] kzÚkfng Joj;fosf] nflu geP/ dlxnfx?sf] kmÚ;{bsf] ;donfO{ pkof]u ug]{ ?kdf k|of]u u/]/ dfq kfn]sf] kfO{G%.

5=3=7= aflif{s vr{(Annual Expenduter)

aflif{s vr{ eg]sf] 1 aif{ leq ul/g] hDdf vr{ eGg] aÚlemg] xÚgfn] cfly{s Joj;fosf] kl/;Úrs nfO{ cfSbfgLsf] ljj/)f dfq eP/ kÚUb}g To;} sf/)f ;fsL{x?n] ug]{ aflif{s cfosf] df]^fdf]^L laZn]if)f ul/of] t/ vr{sf] laj/)f eg] Tolt ;lhnf] %}g. lsgeg] k|foM g]kfndf a;f]jf; ug]{ ;a} hfltx?df ah]^ jgfpg] / ;f]lx cgÚ;f/ vr{ ug]{ kl/kf^L %}g To:t} o; hfltdf klg o:tf] kl/kf^L ePsf] kfO{b}g. cfkmú;+u k};f ePsf] a]nfdf h] ug{ dg nfU% Tolx u/]/ k};f vr{ ug]{ / gePsf] a]nfdf sÚg} cfsfl:ds k/]df C)f lng] kl/kf^L klg b]vLG%. pgLx?n] sdfPsf] k};f kfy vfg nfpg dfq kÚUg] xÚbf l;ldt geP/ clnslt hf]ufpg] la:tf/} lasl;t ePsf] kfO{G%. cfhsfn ;fsL{ hfltdf klg art tyf C)f ;xsf/L ;+:yf / kÚ?ifx?n] klg laleGg (ÚsÚ^L vf]n]/ cfFgf] k};f art ug{ lt/ nu]sf b]lvG%g. o:tf] ubf{ sÚg} a]nf s]lx #^gf jf la/fsL kbf{ cfkmú;+u k};f sf] vfrf] kb]{g eGg] aÚlemof]. ;fsL{x? lasl;t eP/ g} ufp~sf] lasf; xÚG% t/ lolgx? clnslt cfDbfgL a(L eof] eg] hf~*, /S;Ldf vr{ ug{ kl% k/b}gg\.

:ynut ;j]{If)fdf ;fsL{sf afnaflnsfx? klg af]l*é,:sÚndf k(\g uPsf] b]lvG%g. cfhsfn pgLx? ;dfhdf k/Dk/ut ?kb]vL g} dflgPsf rf* kj{ / ;+:sf/ x?nfO{ eGbf cfFgf] afnaflnsfsf] lzIff lt/ Wofg lbP/ Tot} cfkmÚn] sdfPsf] k};f vr{ u/]sf] atfp%g\. pgLx? klxn] cfFgf] k};f nufgL gu/]/ JolQm laz]ifnfO{ lbPsf] kfO{G%. o;f] u/]sf] sf/)f rflx cfkmGt ;Dem]/ Jofhb/ a(L cfpg] ePsfn] xf] t/ jt{dfg l:yltdf ;fsL{ hfltx?n] klg a}+s dfkm{t n]gb]gdf la:t/ u/]sf] kfO{G%. lxGbÚwd{ cgÚ;f/sf] ;+:sf/df a(L eGbf a(L vrf{nÚ b]v]/ chsfn ;fsL{ hfltx? ls|lrog wd{df pGdÚv ePsf] kfO{G%. ls|lrog wd{df vr{ w/} hf]ufp~g ;lsG% / plgx? w]/} eof] eg] plgx? :od+ Ps cfk;df dgsf efjgf kfv]/ ;xof]u dfUg] ub{%g\. o;/L ;fsL{x?n] klg cfFgf] afif{s vr{ laj/)f lt/ cfsif{)f xÚb} uPsf] b]lvG%.

5=3=8= cfly{s k%\o}^]kgsf sf/)fx?(Cause of economic back wardness)

dfgljo hLjgsf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs Pj+ ;f:s[lts lasf;df k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf k|efj kfg]{ k|dÚv sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ dflgG%. sÚg} klg ;dfhsf] r}tkmL{ lasf;sf] nflu cfly{s kIfn] &Únf] c;/ kf/]sf] b]lvG%. To;}n] cfly{s ?kdf ;fsL{ hflt lk%*LgÚ k/]sf] sf/)f tTjx?nfO{ df]^fdf]^L ?kdf lgDg cgÚ;f/ aÚbfut ?kdf laZn]if)f ug{ ;lsG%.

5=3=8=1= k/Dk/fut s[lifk|)ffnL(Traditional agriculture)

;fsL{x? s[lif k]zfdf cfl>t ePtf klg pgLx?n] ug]{ s[lifk|)ffnL k/Dk/fut ?ksf] ca}!flgs %.pgLx? s[lif ubf{ klg a(L eGbf a(L hldg c?sf] :jflsTjdf ePsf] b]lvG%. cfFgf] dfq hdLgdf d};d cgÚ;f/sf] afnLgfln nufpgfn] pgLx?sf] hLjg uÚhf/f rNb}g. To;} ul/ x/]s df};ddf s[lif ugÚ{ kbf{ s[lif cf}hf/sf] cefj xÚgÚ, pGgt, lap, dn tyf ls^fgf;s cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u gxÚgfn] w]/} k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG%. To;} sf/)f o; hfltsf] cfly{s k%\o}^]kg sf] sf/)f eg]sf] s[lif k|)fnLdf Jojl:yt (én] s[lif gxÚgÚ xf].

5=3=8=2=zLksf] sdL(Lack of skill)

o; hftsf ;b:ox?nfO{ clwsf+z dlxnfx?nfO{ s]xL zLk dÚns sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL gu/fpg] u/]sf] kfO{G%. u/]sf] kfO{G%. #/df cfFgf] k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ dfq c+ufNg] k|j[lt ePsf] sf/)f lolgx? zLkaf^ k|fo al¾rt g} ePsf] kfO{G%.

5=3=8=3= k/Dk/fut k]zfsf] l:lylt(Situation of traditional occupation)

;fsL{ hfltsf] cfFgf] k]zf eg]sf] %fnfsf] hÚQmf xf] t/ jt{dfg ;dodf lolgx?n] k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] kÚ/fg} (f~rfdf hÚQf l;nfpg] ePsf] xÚgfn] ;dfhfdf o:tf] hÚQfsf] dfu a(\g yfn]sf] kfO{G%. o;} sf/)f klg o; hftsf] lalzi^ k]zf cWof/f]df l:yltdf kÚu]sf] % h;sf] sf/)fn] ubf{ o; hfltsf ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s l:ylt gfhÚs cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfO{G%.

5=3=8=4= lzIffsf] cefj(Lack of education)

cfFgf] ufp~ jl/k/L ;/sf/L lawfno ePklg ;fsL{ hfltdf lzIffk|ltsf] wf/)ffdf vf;} kl/jt{g b]lvb}g. w/} jif{ kl%sf] P;=Pn=;L k/LIffdf ptL)f{ ug]{ ;fsLx?sf] ;+Vof Goúg kfO{of] t/ jt{dfgdf clnslt lzIfnfO{ Wofg lbP h:tf] b]lvof]. clzlIft xÚgfsf] sf/)fn] lzIfsf] dfWod af^ k|fKt xÚg ;Sg] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ af^ klg al¾rt ePsf] kfO{G%.

5=3=8=5= :jf:ysf] cj;/ af^ jl¾rt(Lack of health facilities)

;fsL{ hfltsf] cToflws hf~* / /S;Lsf] ;]jg af^ w]/} pd]/;Dd af~Rg g;SgÚ pgLx?sf] :jf:ynfO{ x]/larf/ gug{Ú xf] eGg] sÚ/f b]lvG%. lolgx?sf] vfgkf tNnf] :t/sf] ePsf] xÚbf~ ;fsL{ hflt Psflt/ sÚkf]z)fsf] lzsf/ ePsf %g\. /f]u nfUbf cf}iflw k|of]u gu/L pgLx? wfdL Xffs|L / emf/kmÚs a(Ldf a(L ljZjf; ub{%\g. o;} sf/)f klg pgLx? kl% k/]sf] b]lvG%.

5=3=8=6 dlxnf ;xeflutfdf sdL(Lack of woman participation)

dlxnfx? k|foM clzlIft ePsf] / pgLx?n] cfodúns ;Lk klg ghfg]sf xÚgfn] lolgx? #/df dfq l;dLt b]lvG%g\ / cfly{s ?kdf kÚ?ifx? dfly g} cf>Lt xÚG%g\. sÚg} klg k]zf ckgfP/ s]lx cfly{s pkfhg u/] klg o; tkm{ slxnfx?sf] ;xdlt zÚGo ePsf] b]vG%.

o;}n] ;dli^ut ?kdf x]bf{ ;fsL{ hfltsf] cfly{s cj:yf bolgo xÚgfsf] sf/)fx? Z}lIfs, ;fdflhs / wfld{s cflb kIfnfO{ lng ;lsG%.